What is the Bubonic Plague? :: essays research papers

What is the Bubonic Plague?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bubonic Plague is a disease that is caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. It is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size of a hens egg). The Greek word for groin is boubon, which is bubonic. The number of reported human cases of this plague in the United States has increased since the 1960s because the environment isn't staying clean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How do you get this disease? When a rat is infected, the flea bites the rat then the flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't digest any more blood. The flea then becomes so hungry that it bites the human. Now the human is infected. The first symptoms are headaches, nausea, vomiting and aching joints. Some others are fever, chills, the most horrible: the skin turns black.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1300s the plague spread so quickly in cities for many reasons. There were no regular garbage pick-ups. They let their food become rotten and kept them in their homes for weeks. Left over meals were thrown onto the ground for animals, also feeding rats and fleas. They had no running water, so bathing was every once in a while.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Galen's theory was that the disease was spread by poisonous vapors coming from swamps which corrupted the air. Heat was also believed to be a cause of the disease. People washed their feet and hands regularly but, not their bodies because this would open pores, another way for the disease to enter the body. Three Major Outbreaks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first plague was the Plague of Justinian. The plague followed trade routes to France and Italy. It killed 70,000 people. It killed 1,000 people weekly. Smaller out breaks occurred up until 1340.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second major outbreak was the Bubonic Plague. It was the most devastating. It occurred in Europe in 1346-50. The Bubonic Plague is also known as the Black Death. It began in Kaffa, a cathedral town on the Crimean Coast. By the end of 1348, the plague covered all of Italy and most of France. By 1351, the Plague reached Russia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third major outbreak was the Great Plague of London, in 1665 which killed 17,440 people out of the total population of 93,000. A fire burned most of the city and ended the outbreak. Human Cases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been cases of Bubonic Plague throughout the United States.

Health Care Email Essay

Thinking back a hundred years ago the history of health care has evolved and has become one of the most demanding fields to work in. The ultimate goal of health care is to treat, prevent or to intervene for those who are ill. Technology is also a major evolution that is now a vital role in the health care system. It allows patients to become more involved with their healthcare. They can follow up on test results, make appointments, and contact their doctors with the progression of technology. Not only has technology evolved but medication is another area that has improved the lives of many, back a hundred years ago the various medication was not available. The future has so much in store for those in the health care field. There are many interesting areas of the health care field. The one thing that interests me most is how disease treatment has changed the path to healing. The idea of medicine has change the look on life of healing and living. Medicine has change the ways we care for our customer know as our patient. In the earlier centuries, epidemics like cholera and smallpox were a widespread across countries; now those diseases are rarely heard of. With the research and implementation of new medicines most of the diseases that were killing thousands of people are now nonexistent. Nurses are the care takers in the health care field. With nurses patients receive one on one care, in many areas of the health care field. Nursing comes from the heart and spirit and truly from within. Healthcare was my number one choice field to work in. After working in a nursing home for many years showed me the reward for caring for others. I have learned many lessons in the healthcare field both positive and negative. . There are many resources and information on the history of health care in the U.S Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Public Health Services. These are only a few of the resources were information on the  history of health can be found. There are many aspect and field to go into, but you have to know which area of expertise or group and how they all tie into the health care.

Native American Indians Then and Now - 2085 Words

Native American Indians Then and Now 1 Native Americans Then and Now By: Melonie Tewewas Allman-Pittman Axia University of Phoenix Native American Indians Then and Now 2 Native American Indians have not changed much in hundreds of years. The Natives still have the same belief as they did from the beginning of time. They are still forced to live on reserved lands that do not seem livable and are in worse conditions now than ever before. Even though people think due to casinos that the American Indians have it made, the Natives are still being mistreated, many†¦show more content†¦(Burke, and Vernon, 2006), AIRFA was one of the very few times when congress gave the Natives the legislative right to worship in the manner he or she feels fit.(Burke, and Vernon, 2006). After a few more decades of being mistreated and having rights taken and treaties broken Aim reformed again. AIM’s early and best known leaders, Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, these Native men formed together to fight for the rights of all indigenous peoples across the world. According to one research study, th e â€Å"Trail of Broken Treaties† was â€Å"AIM’s first national pretest event of the 1970’s. AIM’s best-known and controversial protest action began February 1973 in Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a small town in Pine Ridge Reservation†, (Encyclopedia Race and Racism p.82) better known now as the â€Å"Siege at Wounded Knee†. The siege lasted 71 days and when it was over several of the AIM members were arrested for causing riots. Many of the AIM leaders spent years in legislation, exile, or prison. One of the best known cases is that of Leonard Peltier. Peltier was imprisoned for killing two FBI agents. Several years later it was proven that Peltier did not receive a fare trial. Much of the evidence was not allowed in court and was suppressed from the jurors. After decades of trying to get Peltier freed from prison he was finally deemed the only American political prisoner inShow MoreRelatedThe Current Condition of Native Americans Essay812 W ords   |  4 PagesThe Current Condition of Native Americans When you think of Native Americans, do you just think of what happened to them in the past, or do you think of how they live today and how they are viewed by the people around them? You probably do not think of how the Native Americans are viewed today. There are many Indian organizations out there that help the Native Americans improve their lifestyle and how they live. There has been an expansion in the Indian population since they have beenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Legendary Fight Against The Indians 1411 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen a major genre in the American film industry and culture. The legendary fight against the Indians has been reconstructed for decades. Neil Diamond, a Cree filmmaker, directed Reel Injun, a documentary that sheds some light on the Native American perspective on the Western film. The main concern that Diamond and other Native American artists have is that western films give the public a misconception of who Indians are. Filmmakers have altered the true identity of the Indian through changes of historicRead MoreNative Indians And The Native Americans1491 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the founding of the New World to what we are today the Native Tribes have been always pushed around. Never able to settle down nor were they able to make peace with the Europeans as they took their land and killed off their tribes. Struggles with disease and European troops, the Native Americans attempted to fight back. Most of the time unsuccessful, but the natives did have their one or two victories. It was almost as if the Natives were nothing but balloons floating in nothing they were justRead MoreNative Americans And The War On Natives1159 Words   |  5 Pagesonly place you know. Now imagine people you have never seen before come, kill your family, spread disease, and take the land for themselves. That is what happened to the Native Americans in the 1700’s and 1800’s. One of the most disrespectful and saddest times in Americ an History was in the 1850’s with Westward Expansion and the war on Natives. During that time, there were many new cities being built in the East and the United States inevitably got too crowded in the East. Americans traveled west forRead MoreThe Discovery Of The 19th Century1511 Words   |  7 Pagescentury Americans saw it as their duty to accomplish what many might believe to be unrealistic, to connect North America from coast to coast. Manifest Destiny is a term that describes the attitude that many Americans had during this era of transformation and progression. Americans claimed the right to bring civilization westward and transform the unknown world into a land where men could live and be free. However, with this movement of progression Westward meant destruction for many Native AmericansRead MoreThe Fight For Native American Rights1573 Words   |  7 PagesFight for Native American Rights and the Restoration of Native American Culture For longer than we care to admit, as European Americans, racism has been a significant and controversial part of our identity. Every race and culture new to the United States has experienced unique stereotypes and discrimination, and although these issues have for the large part been amended, racism and racist tendencies have yet to be completely eradicated from our nature. The most prevalent in today’s American societyRead MoreEssay about Native American569 Words   |  3 PagesNative American The story of the pilgrims and Native Americans was always taught in elementary school during the Thanksgiving holiday. The teachers frequently called Native Americans â€Å"Indians†. It never crossed my mind that the word â€Å"Indians† was the politically incorrect way of labeling Native Americans until a student shouted it out to the teacher in 5th grade. It finally clicked in my mind that Indians are people from India not America. Native Americans were always portrayed to be acceptingRead MoreNative American And Native Americans871 Words   |  4 Pages Native Americans have been forced out of their culture over time, forced into assimilation, lost their rights, and have lost their land due to policies and laws by the whites that can’t bear the Native American way of life. There used to be many Native American tribes all throughout North America, and now these tribes are spread across the country and are blended into the rest of the population. The native ways have changed drastically in the last two centuries due to relocation programs, IndianRead More Oppression of American Indians in Our Hearts Fell to the Ground1318 Words   |  6 Pageson the soil that we now know as the United States. The relationship between the Native American tribes and the Europeans had its fair share of difficulties for the next thirty years. Faced with the threat of the westward movement, as well as the ruthless militar y treatment that came with it, the North Americans began their unjustified, inhumane battle for survival. The Europeans colonization of North America has forever changed the lives and cultures of the Native Americans. The white settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pages the colonists and early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States

Serial Killers in the U.S. Essays - 4042 Words

Before we can discuss what serial killers do, we must first define what a serial killer is. Some people might place serial killers into the same group as mass murderers. This would be incorrect because they are two totally different types of killers. While both of these individuals may kill many people, the difference lies in the reason they kill and the period over which they kill their victims. An event or a build up of circumstance triggers mass murderers and causes them to act. This may be the result of a stressful situation or frustration either at work or in their private lives. For whatever reason, they may choose to use a weapon and kill people that they feel are responsible for their prob-lems. They may also kill total†¦show more content†¦S. Good locations for serial killers include any city or area large enough to support prostitution, drug cultures, runaway children or street people. They can and do operate successfully in rural areas. Serial killers were once considered a rarity. Even though reports in Europe go back as far as the fifteenth century, only a few were written about prior to the mid twentieth century. One of the most widely written about was Jack the Ripper, who claimed only 5 victims in a three-month period. This would put him in the bottom of the class by to-days standards. During the past twenty years, serial killings have become more frequent. We have even seen up to a half dozen of their cases on the news simultaneously. Cases such as San Franciscos Zodiac Killer; New York Citys Son of Sam; Atlantas child murderer, Wayne Williams; Los Angeless Hillside Strangler; and Milwaukees own, Jeffrey Dahmer. Many times, they fit into a pattern, but sometimes there is no pattern. The phenomenon is world-wide, from Englands Yorkshire Ripper, Peter Sutcliffes killing of 13 women prior to 1981, to Russias Rostov Cannibal, Anderei Chikatilo, who slaughtered and partially consumed at least 53 men and women over a 12 year period prior to 1990. It is hard to predict whether a person will become a serial killer. A set of childhood characteristics believed by many to be symptoms of violent behavior has been namedShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And The United States1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Serial murder crime though rare, is not a a new phenomenon. This crime has been committed for centuries and will continue to be a crime that is committed throughout the world. It is unfortunate and scary that this is probably one of the most serious of crimes that cannot be prevented. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, serial murderers commit their crimes because they want to. Rehabilitation is not obtainable for serial killers due to their inability for remorse and empathyRead MoreSerial Killers And The Serial Killer1080 Words   |  5 Pageshelp? This was the technique one of the most infamous serial killer Ted Bundy used to approach his victims and ultimately murder them. B. Background and Audience Relevance: Today, I will be speaking to you about serial killers. C. Speaker Credibility: I decided to do my topic on serial killers because, criminology is something I’m genuinely interested in and would like to learn more about it myself. D. Thesis: By learning about serial killers, hopefully in the future they can be captured fasterRead MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesTOPIC: The minds of serial killers and why they do what they do. RHETORICAL PURPOSE: Informative SPECIFIC PURPOSE: I want to inform my classmates more about the misconceptions, behaviors and types of serial murderers in the United States THESIS: There are many false information about serial murderers that get passed around but there are common traits and characteristics to help spot who they are and why they do what they do. Introduction I. Attention-getting device: Dennis Rader was a seeminglyRead MoreCharacteristics of a Serial Killer760 Words   |  4 Pages In the sick minds of those who murder, pain and death are twisted into a passion to kill. Unlike a â€Å"normal† individual, serial killers rely on murdering to fulfill their craving of their gruesome thrills and addiction. Most of society incorrectly views serial killers because of how they are portrayed on television. For example, Dexter is a handsome serial killer who does lead a normal life but, he takes it upon himself to rid all of the â€Å"bad guys† in the world in order to accomplish his need toRead MoreSerial Killers in Modern Society1558 Words   |  6 PagesSerial Killers in Modern Society Introduction For hundreds of years, serial killers have actually been a huge fascination all over the world. Even though society has an undeveloped idea as to what a serial killer is and how they function, there is much more to serial killers that people are probably unaware of. In spite of classic myths regarding serial killers which are displayed a lot in movies, this essay will recognize serial killers as irregular as the individual that utilizes various strategiesRead MoreInnocents Transformed Into Monsters. Alexis Kirsch.Mrs.1445 Words   |  6 PagesOr are They Created? Serial Killers. We’ve all heard these words, but what does it mean? A Serial Killer is a person who commits a series of murders, often with no apparent motive, and typically following a predictable behaviour pattern. They tend have a cooling off period, and their reason for killing usually is for a sexual component. They have to kill at least three to five people to be counted as serial. A Serial Killer usually gets confused with Spree Killers and Mass Murderers, but theseRead MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers1147 Words   |  5 Pagescask of acid dissolving what remained of the young boy. This is the dark mind of Jeffrey Dahmer, he murdered not in hatred, vengeance, or financial enrichment but on pure impulse and lust. Forensic psychoanalysts have picked apart the minds of serial killers to find answers as to what causes them to carry out such perverse acts. Many believe it is impervious for an innocent adolescent to be born with the capability to commit a heinous act suchlike murder. But how could we depraved humanity so muchRead MoreWilliam Pickton Anthropology1495 Words   |  6 Pagestheory from psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Using each perspective, write a one page analysis of the behaviour of William Pickton. Write a perspective for each social theory (three pages in total). 2. Write a hypothesis to research a serial murderer using the following social science theories: Psychoanalysis, Functionalism, and Feminism. For example, a Marxist could look at the economic inequalities as a means of promoting a feeling of helplessness. This helpless feeling could promoteRead MoreCompare And Contrast Jeffrey Dahmer And Ted Bundy759 Words   |  4 Pagesof all the Infamous killers in the U.S the two well-known killers that I will be researching are Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy. These two murderers share many similarities such as their backgrounds, Crimes, and Motives. Both Jeffrey Dahmer and Ted Bundy are serial killers who’ve killed over a dozen people each. They’ve committed crimes including rape, murder, and kidnapping. In this research paper I will be comparing and contrasting the two serial killers. The two serial killers shared similar childhoodRead MoreDavid Berkowitz Son of Sam1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome a serial killer? Due to today’s advanced media technology, we as a society are more aware and instantly informed about mass murders and serial killers. There is a difference between a mass murderer and a serial killer, according to the U.S. Department of Justice, statistics Bureau. (â€Å"Mental Floss†, 2008). A â€Å"mass murder†, is a single event at one location involving the murder of four or more people. Serial killers on the other hand, kill in a series of events. The killers don’t know

Essay on Daktronic case - 1174 Words

Read Daktronics (F): Weathering the Recession Positioned for a Bright Future (Taylor et al.) found in your casepack and and use only the information found therein to answer the questions. 1. Assess Dak’s external and internal environments by: Performing a PEST+LE analysis with 4-5 examples of each dimension Completing a 5-forces analysis to assess the competitive landscape PEST+LE analysis Political Light pollution In the U.S. the billboard segment of the industry was governed by federal, state, and local regulations. Anticipated were regulations on â€Å"light pollution,† reflecting concerns of businesses and residents in the area where large or multi-screen installations were placed. Other concerns that would probably be addressed†¦show more content†¦ft. of leased facilities located near Shanghai, China. Intangible resources 1). Brand Dak has a long history in the digital signage industry and has a large market share. When people need to purchase the product or service, the brand of Dak will make the company have more chances than competitors. 2). Human Resource Dak’s employee body reached 100 in 1979, 500 in 1993, 900 in 2006, and 3000 in 2008. And The company’s senior executives had over 200 years of combined experience in the electronic display industry. 3). Managerial resource Dak had initiated a â€Å"lean† manufacturing program in 2007. It was intended to focus the company on what customers actually wanted and were willing to pay for. The lean program in manufacturing was reducing costs as well as the time from order receipt to delivery and thus accelerating cash flow. In North America, Dak’s direct sales staff sold the entire range of the company’s standard products and substantially all of the large video display systems directly to customers or the individuals or companies that influenced the customer’s decisions. For smaller commercial applications, generally standard products, Dak relied primarily on its resellers or independent sales representatives. Organizational capabilities Functional Areas Capabilities Human Resources High quality employmentShow MoreRelatedDaktronics Case Analysis669 Words   |  3 PagesDaktronics Corporation Daktronics Corporation was founded in 1968. The company is a designer and manufacturer of electronic scoreboards and large displays for sports venues. Just few years ago, the company was the undisputed market leader with nearly 70 percent market share for the collage and professional sports venue for large displays. The company also produced integrated sound systems and hoist and rigging systems for a variety of entertainment and sports facilities. Recently, however, theRead MoreWhat Companies Can I Work For?3091 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant’s reactors. Next in our list, I will discuss information regarding D-Wave Systems. They are one of the few companies in the world to specialize in quantum computing. Big things have small beginnings, in D-Wave’s case, they started in 1999 with only a handful of employees. Since then, they have been improving and redesigning their quantum computers. Just last year, D-wave has officially entered a partnership with NASA and Google to use their 512-qubit quantum

WHS Legislative Framework In Healthcare Organizations - Samples

Question: Discuss about the WHS Legislative Framework In Healthcare Organizations. Answer: The body The WHS authoritative structure resembles an arrangement of rules for managers to use to enable them to give more secure working environments to their representatives. One paramount thing that was noted in the assessment is that all healthcare organizations must follow the WHS legislative framework. The WHS legal framework in the healthcare is the composed of directions that an organization must take after to give their representatives a sheltered work environment. The administrative structure covers the greater part of the data that a business must be agreeable with the laws administering the Work Health and Safety Act (Ladou Joseph, 2006). The goal of the WHS Act in healthcare organizations is to ensure that each utilized has their rights maintained by their employers in all Australian healthcare organizations. A worker has the privilege to recognize what the obligations of their activity are as indicated by the business' expected set of responsibilities when they are procured. The worker has the right not to perform duties that are not inside their set of working responsibilities, or occupations that could be unsafe for them to do. All the healthcare organizations should verify that their representatives have what it takes to carry out a profession, the correct hardware to carry out a vocation securely and that every worker knows how to report occurrences of perilous, or out of line treatment in the working environment. The WHS legislative framework has set all the requirements that healthcare organizations should adhere to, the laws include: Follow the directions that make up the WHS Act Make a protected and robust work environment for your representatives Keep away from exorbitant indictments and fines if your organization is observed to be not agreeing to the WHS Act There is the need to understand the terms to use when describing the WHS legislative frame in the healthcare sector in Australia: Regulations are utilized to depict the standards that are set up by the WHS Act. These directions are rules, and not every one of them applies to the healthcare organizations. Compliance is utilized to portray the ability of a healthcare organization to take after the controls set out in the WHS ACT. To be consistent with the authorities implies that an organization is following the rules to the best of their comprehension of them Workers remuneration is cash paid to specialists who are harmed at work because of hazardous work hones, or risky gear. Having a specialist perform obligations they are not prepared to can make them blurted, and meet all requirements for laborers pay amid the time they are off of work recouping from their wounds. Enforcement is the measures that can be taken to influence a healthcare organization to end up agreeable with the WHS controls for their sort of organization. Public Impact is the impact the WHS demonstration has had on the general population. The way that the general population now view healthcare management, and their rights on the off chance that an organization employs them are not quite the same as they were before the WHS demonstration was actualized. On the off chance that one runs a healthcare facility, or if one is just interested to find out about the Work Health Safety Act and the sound structure that applies to the demonstration, one can go to the accompanying site pages for the additional top to bottom data. Choices on asset designation, benefit arrangement, and patient care are frequently made to a long way from the purpose of genuine patient care (Ladou Joseph, 2006).After some time the approach and regulatory structures for doctor's facilities in Australia have fluctuated between each State and Territory and amongst open and private clinics. A few States have set up territory/provincial wellbeing bodies to oversee a substantial number of public clinics in their general vicinity; different States manage their accessible healing facilities through individual doctor's facility sheets. The new Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the Act) has now been presented in all states and regions except Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia (it begins in Tasmania on 1 January 2013). The enactment which has been received is uniform and is proposed to guarantee that all workers in Australia have a similar standard of health and safety assurance paying little heed to the work they do or where they work (The law in your state, 2018). The laws are proposed to give more remarkable sureness to bosses especially those working crosswise over state fringes and after some time, to decrease consistency cost for business. The Act applies to representatives, temporary workers, sub-contractual workers, disciples and learners, work encounter understudies, firms and volunteers who perform work. Reasonable matured care suppliers will consider the enactment deliberately and make a quick move to guarantee they have frameworks set up to meet the commitments forced. The new enactment forces burdensome obligations on officers of PCBUs to practice due to perseverance to ensure that the PCBU consents to its workplace health and safety commitments. An officer might be accused of an offense under the Act freely of any break of obligation by the PCBU. By and by, due industriousness implies that officers (regardless of whether you are a volunteer) should proactively guarantee they are finding a way to get data on workplace health and safety matters, comprehend the dangers in their offices and ensure that fitting assets and procedures are actualized to take out or decrease those dangers. The obliviousness of the law will be no guard to an inability to go along (OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT 2004, 2018). Workplace health and safety enactment have forced commitments continuously on businesses to inform the nearby Division of Workplace Health and Safety when they end up mindful of a workplace occurrence which has caused a demise or substantial damage. These commitments turn not on whether the passing or significant injury was of a worker, yet instead whether the occurrence happened in a workplace. The conclusion Under the new enactment, the episode announcing commitments are to some degree clearer. A PCBU must advise the Division of Workplace Health and Safety quickly in the wake of getting to be mindful of a passing or genuine ailment or damage emerging out of the lead of the business that outcomes in prompt doctor's facility treatment as an in-quiet, immediate therapeutic treatment or medicinal treatment inside 48 hours of introduction to a concoction substance. References Ladou, Joseph(2006).Current Occupational Environmental Medicine(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. The law in your state. (2018). Safe Work Australia. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/law-and-regulation/law-your-state. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT 2004. (2018). Www6.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 21 March 2018, from https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/vic/consol_act/ohasa2004273/

The Public Services and Commercial Broadcasting in the UK

Adorno and Horkheimer argue that the culture industry â€Å"impedes the development of autonomous, independent individuals who judge and decide consciously for themselves† (Adorno, 1991 p.6). This section will discuss how this perspective has influenced the field of audience research.   Adorno and Horkheimer argue that individuals are fed information through the media that makes them forget about independent thoughts and views that they might want to make.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Service’s and Commercial’ Broadcasting in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The view proposes that the media present consistent information which has been presented in a manner that ensures people feel that everything is proceeding on well without hitches even when this is not the case. Adorno felt that individuals in the society usually have to sacrifice their own beliefs which they believ e so that they can agree with the beliefs of the society especially those that are perpetuated by the media. Audience research usually targets a specific group of individuals so as to find out what their interests, tastes, attitudes and knowledge might be concerning a particular item. Using such audience research, companies can usually be able to market and target their products or services towards a specific group of people so as to get maximum returns for their business ventures. According to Adorno and Horkheimer, the society has agreed to sacrifice their own beliefs and judgments so that it can fit into the views and perceptions of the media about certain cultures. If the confusion in the society translates to trying to fit in into the society, then individuals would answer questions in audience research in a manner that would be expected of the individuals of that particular culture and might not genuinely reflect the true beliefs of such individuals. The media has a very stron g on individuals in the community and almost every person in the individual wants to ensure that they are perceived in the â€Å"correct† manner in the society. Therefore, when field researches are conducted, the researchers already have pre-conceived ideas about how the respondents should answer and this might interfere with the results of the researcher. The researchers are bound to be biased towards giving the politically, academically and economically correct answers that are expected of certain cultural groups that might be involved in the interview processes for the audience research. This concept is in agreement with the impediment of self awareness of culture, individuals and free thoughts of individuals and conscious decisions made by individuals in the society according to Adorno and Horkheimer. In this section, I will discuss the public service broadcasting and commercial broadcasting in the UK, focusing on the characteristics of their funding system and difference s in their relationship with audience in terms of their programming and scheduling.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major difference between public service broadcasting and commercial broadcasting in the United Kingdom is that the public service broadcasting is funded and regulated by the government. The commercial broadcasting system is funded through advertisements from private companies that want to reach a large number of individuals. The more audience that a particular television has, the better and higher the number of private companies that are likely to approach such companies because the advertising message from such a company is likely to reach a wider audience translating to higher sales. The public service broadcasting service allege that the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is owned by the government and is made freely available to individuals. In co ntrast, the commercial broadcasting corporations in the country are privately owned and some of them require people to pay subscription fees to access their services. The public service broadcasting systems promote the agenda of the government with the interest of the larger public in mind while the agenda of the commercial broadcasting companies is promoted which might be the agenda of a few rich people who own and control the company or the advertisers who control the resources of the broadcasting company. Most of the programming in public service broadcasting is usually educational or news on all areas that affect the citizens of the country are; political, health, financial and weather. Such public services are watched by individuals to receive reliable news on events that are happening across the country and all over the globe. Most of the commercial broadcasting stations in the United Kingdom usually air programs that attract a wide audience such as soap operas, sports shows a nd fashion news. Broadcasting news that is highly preferred by many individuals ensures that the commercial companies get a wide audience. If research indicates that commercial broadcasting companies have high ratings in terms of audiences, such commercial companies are highly likely to get business in form of advertising companies to pay the commercial stations so that they can air adverts and try to increase market share for such companies in comparison to competitors. The third question will Outline and evaluate the media effects model of audience research. Using the concept of the active audience I will use contemporary media examples to illustrate the argument.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Service’s and Commercial’ Broadcasting in the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The media effects model of audience research proposes that individuals are passive members of the advertisement s process whereby, they get information that is transmitted by the media and offer no resistance in form of question or arguing with what is communicated to them through the media. The media effects model of audience research proposes that the target audiences are manipulated to do what the advertisers want without taking into account the opinions, intelligence or decisions of the audience. Proponents of the media effects model claim that it is efficient and that most audiences are composed of passive individuals that want to be told what they should do or the kinds of products that they should consume. Due to hero effects that are observed among individuals, the media usually uses selected individuals that the population respects such as respected musicians, sports players or Nobel Prize winners to endorse products so that audiences can get validations of the products or services that consumers want to purchase. To some extent, the media effect model seems to be true after observin g the high number of overweight teenagers that spend almost most of their time watching music shows and young girls that want to starve themselves thin so that they can appear like their favorite musicians on the television. Most of these children also want to dress like the celebrities that they observe on the television and they also want to eat the foods that are advertised on the television. In contrast, the active audience model proposes the argument that audiences are different. The media fails to take into account the differences between individuals such as differences in age, gender, economic and social differences among people. The media also fails in their assumption that people will perceive the intended message in the way that the media intends for it to be perceived by the particular target audience. The medical drama grey’s anatomy has a female lead actor which is unlike the message that is usually portrayed by the media that males are greater achievers in the s ociety in comparison to the men. The program also portrays the characters in the television drama as having flaws which is unacceptable. The pre modern period portrayed most of the characters in television programs as being perfect which is unrealistic. The fourth question evaluates Stuart Hall’s (1981) encoding/decoding model and the idea of polysemic texts. One media example will be anlysed to illustrate the role of audiences play in meaning making.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hall is famous for having introduced the concept that not all of the intended message will be taken by the audience. This is because everyone has different views based on their social, economic, cultural, religious and economic backgrounds and all of these play a part in decision making and translation for audiences that observe the media. Hall made clear observations that the meaning of the media message is not necessarily determined by the individual that sends it because people perceive different things in different ways. He also proposed that most media representatives do not know what they mean to pass on to the audience. Most of the time, the intended message is usually â€Å"hidden† and it is up to the audience to decode the message and utilize the meaning. Hall finally proposed that audiences for whom the messages are usually intended are active listeners that think, analyze and make conscious decisions from what they observe from the media. The producer of the messag e portrayed in the media is usually the encoder while the audience is usually the decoder. Polysemic texts usually involve encoding and decoding whereby, the producer usually has an intended message for the audience and the audience decodes the message in a particular manner depending on their perception, tastes, likes and preferences. An example of a message in the media involving encoding and decoding would be a documentary on married women that are battered by their husbands. The producer’s main goal would be to show how women are in bad situations while in their marriages but the decoder who is the active audience might not sympathize with the women and instead feel that it is the women’s fault that they experience such abuse because they have the ability to get out of abusive relationships. Although the encoder might show valid reasons as to why the women stayed in the marriages such as lack of an income to take care of young children and the audience might not un derstand. The fifth question will critically discuss the news and agenda setting theory, using an example and three news stories. The issue of the news and the agenda setting in the media is very important as it determines what is aired in the media. The media has a very important responsibility in the Society because it has the power to shape or change the attitudes of people about certain factors in the community. Agenda setting also influences social, economic, political and academic aspects of citizens of a nation because it drives the setting of the agenda for corporate, government and personal policies. News that are aired on stations or printed in different types of media and should abide by set rules. Media organizations usually belong to regulating bodies which have certain rules whose failure to follow should attract penalties or disciplinary measures such as being taken off air for radio or television stations that air pornographic content. Forming of agenda setting invol ves analyzing the kind of media outlets that people subscribe to and forming ways through which the intended news can reach those individuals. The media can transmit news that easily influences the public through in a certain way. The individuals could already have an opinion about an issue that is on the News but framing of the issue by the media stimulates the public to think about the issue further and in a way that affects the public. For example a newspaper might print a story that would influence a public debate and make the public pressure the government to act on a neglected issue in a country. The aspects that the media focuses on give the public the impression that those are the important issue in the local, regional and international scene. Therefore, media houses should ensure that they are professional and gain the respect of individuals if they want the news that they air or print to be considered relevant in the lives of individuals. An example of agenda setting would be the Bill Clinton case who was the president of the United States who had an affair with one of his staff members. The issue was aired on all television stations and pictures of the former president and Monica Lewinsky were in pages of newspapers all over the world. This made the public feel that this was an important issue in the world. The issue of the terrorist attacks on September 11 in the United States was all over the news which made people focus on the issue and may be even think about probable terror attacks elsewhere. The issue of president Barrack Obama getting into power as the first African American president of the United States of America was all over the news which made it an issue to focus on. This essay on The Public Service’s and Commercial’ Broadcasting in the UK was written and submitted by user Mallory Oneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.