Weekly Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly Journal - Essay Example My moral voice acts as my inner voice that judges my behavior and motivation that is based on ideas that are either right or even wrong. There is time I encountered a moral disagreement regarding the issue of diversity in the country. Considering the diversity in ethnicities currently seen in America, I once encountered an individual from another ethnicity in a mall. Considering that this individual was from a dominant ethnicity, he started looking down on me considering that I am from a totally different ethnic from his. Initially, I felt like punching him so hard that he could never make such irritating comments to any individuals ever again. However, my moral voice made me hesitate. This inner voice made me realize that I could get myself into so much trouble by not restraining myself and containing my anger. Thus, this conflict was a good one because I was able to restrain myself and avoided getting into trouble with the law. Instead, I engaged the individual into a mature communication and made him understand that every individual is equal before God. I made him realize that the labels that human beings give are the only ones that worsen the racial situation in the country (Gilligan, 2009). At the end of it all, we shook hands and he even offered to pay for the items that I had picked in the

Systemic anatomy Essay Example for Free

Systemic anatomy Essay The muscles of tongue can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups. The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue, while the extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures. The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue, while the intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing. Extrinsic tongue muscles, by definition, originate from structures outside the tongue and insert into the tongue. The four paired extrinsic muscles protrude, retract, depress, and elevate the tongue: Muscle From Nerve Function Genioglossus muscle mandible-(Genial Tubercles) hypoglossal nerve Protrudes the tongue as well as depressing its center. Hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone Depresses the tongue. Styloglossus muscle styloid process Elevates and retracts the tongue. Palatoglossus muscle palatine aponeurosis pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve Depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue. Intrinsic muscles Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by: engthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges, and flattening and rounding its surface. The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the superior surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum. The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is Joined to the styloglossus muscle. The verticalis muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and Joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles. The transversus muscle divides the tongue at the ed to the mucous membranes . the tongue that run along the sides 2. The muscle that . -Protrude -Retract -Depress -Retraction, elevation of posterior third -Shape changes The Genioglossus mus protrudes the tongue. Remember that contraction of the right genioglossus muscle (for example) points the tip of the tongue to the patients left. The Styloglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. Also the Palatoglossus muscle retracts the tongue upward and backward. The Hyoglossus muscle depresses the tongue. The Levator veli palatini muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing. The Longitudinal, tranverse and vertical muscles of the tongue. They help to change the shape of the tongue. 3. Muscle of pharyngeal wall. The pharyngeal wall is formed by skeletal muscles and by fascia. Gaps between the muscles are reinforced by the fascia and provide routes for structures to pass through the wall. The muscles of the pharynx are organized into two groups based on the orientation of muscle fibers. The constrictor muscles have fibers oriented in a circular direction relative to the pharyngeal wall, whereas the longitudinal muscles have fibers oriented vertically. The three constrictor muscles on each side are major contributors to the structure of the pharyngeal wall and their names indicate their position†superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles. Posteriorly, the muscles from each side are Joined together by the pharyngeal raphe. Anteriorly, these muscles attach to bones and ligaments related to the lateral margins of the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx. The constrictor muscles overlap each other in a fashion resembling the walls of three flower pots stacked one on the other. The inferior constrictors overlap the lower margins of the middle constrictors and, in the ame way, the middle constrictors overlap the superior constrictors. Collectively, the muscles constrict or narrow the pharyngeal cavity. When the constrictor muscles contract sequentially from top to bottom, as in swallowing, they move a bolus of food through the pharynx and into the esophagus. All of the constrictors are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve [X]. The superior constrictor muscles together bracket the upper part of the pharyngeal cavity. Each muscle is attached anteriorly to the pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, and adjacent bone of he mandible. From these attachments , the muscle tans out posteriorly and Joins witn its partner muscle from the other side at the pharyngeal raphe. A special band of muscle (the palatopharyngeal sphincter) originates from the anterolateral surface of the soft palate and circles the inner aspect of the pharyngeal wall, blending with the inner aspect of the superior constrictor. When the superior constrictor constricts during swallowing, it forms a prominent ridge on the deep aspect of the pharyngeal wall that catches the margin of the elevated soft palate, which then seals closed the haryngeal isthmus between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The middle constrictor muscles are attached to the lower aspect of the stylohyoid ligament, the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, and the entire upper surface of the greater horn of the hyoid. Like the superior constrictors, the middle constrictor muscles fan out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the middle constrictors overlaps the superior constrictors. The inferior constrictor muscles attach anteriorly to the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage, and ligament that spans between these two attachments to cartilage and crosses the cricothyroid muscle . Like the other constrictor muscles, the inferior constrictor muscles spread out posteriorly and attach to the pharyngeal raphe. The posterior part of the inferior constrictors overlaps the middle constrictors. Inferiorly, the muscle fibers blend with and attach into the wall of the esophagus. The parts of the inferior constrictors attached to the cricoid cartilage bracket the narrowest part of the pharyngeal cavity. Longitudinal muscles The three longitudinal muscles of the pharyngeal wall are named according to their rigins†stylopharyngeus from the styloid process of the temporal bone, salpingopharyngeus from the cartilaginous part of the pharyngotympanic tube (salpinx is Greek for tube), and palatopharyngeus from the soft palate. From their sites of origin, these muscles descend and attach into the pharyngeal wall. Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx The longitudinal muscles elevate the pharyngeal wall, or during swallowing, pull the pharyngeal wall up and over a bolus of food being moved through the pharynx and into the esophagus. Stylopharyngeus The cylindrical stylopharyngeus muscle originates from the base of the medial urface of the styloid process of the temporal bone, descends between the superior and middle constrictor muscles to fan out on, and blend with, the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve [1;0. Salpingopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus is a small muscle originating from the inferior aspect of the pharyngotympanic tube, descending on, and blending into the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. It is innervated by the vagus nerve [X]. Palatopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus , in addition to being a muscle of the pharynx, is also a muscle of the soft palate . It is attached to the upper surface of the palatine aponeurosis, and passes posteriorly and inferiorly to blend with the deep surface of the pharyngeal wall. Palatopharyngeus forms an important fold in the overlying mucosa (the palatopharyngeal arch). This arch is visible through the oral cavity and is a landmark for finding the palatine tonsil, which is immediately anterior to it on the oropharyngeal wall. The larynx, or voicebox, is an organ in the neck that plays a crucial role in speech and breathing. The larynx is the point at which t aerodigestive tract splits into two separate pathways: the inspired air travels through he trachea, or windpipe, into the lungs, and swallowed food enters the esophagus and passes into the stomach. Because of its location, the larynx has three important functions control of the airflow during breathing protection of the airway production of sound for speech. The larynx consisted of a framework of cartilage with surrounding soft tissue. The most prominent piece of cartilage is a shield-shaped structure called the thyroid cartilage. The anterior portion of the thyroid cartilage can be easily felt in thin necks as the Adams apple. Superior to the larynx (sometimes considered part of the arynx itself) is a U-shaped bone called the hyoid. The hyoid bone supports the larynx from above and is itself attached to the mandible by muscles and tendons. These attachments are important in elevating the larynx during swallowing and speech. The lower part of the larynx consists of a circular piece of cartilage called the cricoid cartilage. This cartilage is shaped like a signet ring with the larger portion of the ring in the back. Below the cricoid are the rings of the trachea. In the center of the larynx lie the vocal folds (also known as the vocal cords). The vocal folds are one of the most mportant parts of the larynx, as they play a key role in all three functions mentioned above. The vocal folds are made of muscles covered by a thin layer called mucosa. There is a right and left fold, forming a V when viewed from above. At the rear portion of each vocal fold is a small structure made of cartilage called the arytenoid. Many small muscles, described below, are attached to the arytenoids. These muscles pull the arytenoids apart from each other during breathing, thereby opening the airway. During speech the arytenoids and therefore the vocal folds are brought close together. As the air passes by the vocal folds in this position, they open and close very quickly. The rapid pulsation of air passing through the vocal folds produces a sound that is then modified by the remainder of the vocal tract to produce speech. This process is described in more detail in the page on vocal fold vibration. 4. Give the cartilage of larynx. Describe each. Laryngeal cartilages can refer to: The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal folds (vocal cords) are attached. These allow and aid in the vocal cords movement. Each is pyramidal or ladle-shaped in form and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. The cricoid cartilage or simply cricoid is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. The epiglottis is a flap that is made of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. There are taste buds on the epiglottis. The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the tracheathat contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the pomus Adam' or Adams apple. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than temale because ot 1200 in female. 5. Muscle of soft palate. Muscle Action levator veli palatini deglutition ne difference in the size ot the angle: 900 in male and Vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus tensor veli palatini mandibular nerve palatoglossus respiration palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae moves uvula

An Islamic Subversion of the Existence-Essence Distinction? :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Suhrawardà ­ and the philosophy of Light Mysticism ABSTRACT: The distinction between existence and essence within contingent beings is one of the foundational, hegemonic ideas of the discourse of medieval philosophy. Building upon neo-Platonic precursors, thinkers such as Avicenna, Aquinas and William of Auvergne discussed this issue and debated the nature of the distinction. However, one Islamic philosopher who was to have a lasting impact upon the development of philosophical discourse in Iran, subverted the traditional Peripatetic visions of reality and brought into question the very nature of half of the distinction — existence. Through a critique of the Peripatetic notion of existence, Suhrawardi (c.1191) shows how the distinction is absurd and irrelevant for metaphysical inquiry. Suhrawardi refuses to accept traditional Peripatetic realism and has little need for the distinction's role in affirming contingency and the existence of a Necessary Existence. Later Islamic philosophy's insistence on an essentialist reading of Suhrawardi could be described as a category mistake confusing his concept of light with their concept of existence. An analysis of his major texts will show how this cannot be the case. Finally, an attempt will be made to explain this misreading and suggest that the Platonic hermeneutic of essential vision which Suhrawardi expounds might be the reason for it. Shihà ¥b al-Dà ­n Suhrawardà ­ [exe.1191] was an influential mystical philosopher and founder of the school of ishrà ¥q (illumination) whose phenomenological view of reality led him to reject the concrete nature of existence. Suhrawardà ­'s position on existence and his basic rejection of a metaphysics of distinction represent both an alternative to Peripatetic metaphysics as well as provide a key to understanding the radical synthesis of later Islamic philosophy by Mullà ¥ à adrà ¥ [d.1641]. The central issue revolves around an anachronistic reading of a later aporia: where does Suhrawardà ­ stand on the question of primacy within the distinction between existence and essence? Is essence or existence primary ? Traditionally this question has been answered by Mullà ¥ à adrà ¥ and his school by stating that Suhrawardà ­ believed in asà ¥lat al-mà ¥hiyya (primacy of quiddity). This claim has to be verified and explained. Four central questions emerge. What does existen ce signify for Suhrawardà ­ and is it ontologically distinguished from being? Is 'light' the same as being as understood by à adrà ¥? How does Suhrawardà ­ understand the distinction and relate it to his metaphysics of contingency? i) Wujà ºd and Existence in Suhrawardà ­ Suhrawardà ­ sets out in the logic of Óikmat al-Ishrà ¥q, 'The wisdom of illumination' his mature magnum opus, to deconstruct the distinction through a critique of the Peripatetic theory of definition.

Negotiations: Methodologies for Unilateral and Collaborative Situations

Negotiation is the preferred method of communication instead because conflict creates unwanted effects to a working relationship. The articles outlined three essential uses and/or strategies of three different authors whom approach to negotiation fit their industries as well as their creative abilities. In Resolving Real Estate Issues, Gerald M. Levy (1999) addresses four primary steps of negotiation: pre-negotiation, presentation and negotiation, intense, agreement and closing phrase (p. 2). The outline is understandable and workable in any industry in which negotiation is relied upon for optimal results. Meadow discussed the basis of negotiation being an art and science that mixes a party’s ability to bargain with their opponents. The issues stated within the article addressed the basic needs of any individual involved; for instance, â€Å"skilled negotiators can separate the conceptual part of negotiation (the â€Å"science†) from the behavioral aspects of negotiation (the â€Å"art†) to solve the underlying problem that a lawsuit represents (Meadow 1).† This act of negotiation is very intriguing because you are approaching the aspect of negotiation in a law setting in which rules are outlined by the court, but your use of tactics are up to you and your opponents. In The Art and Science of Problem-Solving Negotiation, Meadow (1999) uses detailed examples to corner a creative negotiator’s ability to overthrow sessions (p.2). These tactics fit their personality and the structure increases negotiator’s chances of success in negotiations. Shaping perceptions of alternatives sets in the pre-negotiation phase of negotiation can lower the limits of acceptable agreements. For example, a web design company needs a copywriter with writing skills to boost their profits. The market price for a freelance writer is roughly $20/article, but they are offering a per project basis. In this negotiation, a copywriter will pull for the market price or higher due to years of professional experience. This is an example of Meadow’s (1999) belief in shaping the competition’s objectives to fit that of one’s intentions (p. 5). Without the proper game plan, the art and science of negotiation goes out of the window once more problems arise. As with my example, a negotiator can make commitments, threats, and focal points stick all irrelevant issues aside for a reasonable bargaining set to continue its process within a negotiation. This follows from their previous example. Their ability to highlight this point will make the company re-arrange their current ideal of what a copywriter should be paid per article. Not that it is a threat, but it is a reasonable explanation of why they need to pay the amount instead of losing the writer. In Resolving Real Estate Issues, Gerald Levy (1999) practices influencing aspirations are higher suggestions in return for a need can generate better results (p.2). Once I understand the dynamics and true market price of a copywriter, I may want more for their work. The web design company is trying to use their talents at a cheap price so I will leave them alone for a set period of time to see if their position changes. By contacting their competition about copywriter salaries, I can gain leverage by addressing it in our next meeting. I am boosting their aspirations to receive the payment I deserve and ‘more’ for their services. After I receive this information, I can develop a stronger position in what I deserve. Meadow (1999) and Levy (1999) believe that taking a position will cause an opponent to withdraw from their first perspective of the situation (p. 1 and 3). If one chooses to use strong positions, they must stand firm within decision making so opponents will understand and not budge from previous arguments. For example, if I were asked to accept a lower salary, I will not agree with the web design company and leave the negotiations. This puts my services as a valuable mean for a company’s success in their market. It is very important to keep this in mind while developing a stronger argument for future negotiations. I believe I must remain strong during these steps into a negotiation because companies try to manipulate prospects. These authors were correct in establishing a strong position for unilateral and collaborative situations. In order to create a better outcome on each end, it should remain essential to practice the art of negotiation without budging to the intense negotiation strategies thrown within the conflict. The preferred methods of Meadow (1999) and Levy (1999) can be implemented in numerous settings; one’s flexibility to establish rapport with an opponent without harming or burning bridges is very important (p.3). Meadow’s (1999) objectives can act as repetitive methodology to instruct new negotiators in the law scene. Many other methods can be helpful, but the ideal argumentation comes from the negotiator’s overall motivations. References Cited Menkel-Meadow, Carrie (June 1999). â€Å"The art and science of problem-solving negotiation.† Trial. Washington, p. 1- 7. Levy, Gerald M. (Fall 1999). Resolving Real Estate Issues. Real Estate Issues. Chicago.   Vol. 24, p.1-8.   

Alumni tracer Essay

Background and Rationale The College of Computer Studies (CCS) at Central Philippine University (CPU) started in 1995 when the course Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS) was offered as a degree program under the College of Commerce. The program aims to fill the growing need for computer literate professionals in the field of business. On June 2001, in line with the recommendation of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) to pool all related courses into one college, the CPU administration decided to transfer the department under the College of Engineering (COE). The department was merged with the Department of Software Engineering. On June 2002, the College of Commerce offered a new program, Bachelor of Information Science and Management (BISM). The offering of this course was made to integrate Information Technology to all business and management courses. In 2003, the University President, Dr. Juanito M. Acanto  recommended to the Board of Trustees for the creation of the College of Computer Studies which will be composed of three departments: Computer Science, Information Sciences and Management and Information Technology. This continuing growth in the life of the College is brought about by the increasing need of competent information technology professionals. In a nutshell, the performance of an educational institution’s performance is partly measured by the employability of its graduates. At present, the college needs to determine the factors that affect graduates’ employability and analyze the benefits of it in the preparation of soon to be graduates and enable them to meet the challenges of professional life. Objectives The general objective of this tracer study is to gather relevant information as to the employability of the graduates in the CPU College of Computer Studies graduate from School Year 2001 to 2005. Specifically, this tracer study aims to: 1. describe the graduates in terms of age, civil status sex, age and residence, major field, year graduated and academic performance; 2. determine the graduates’ professional skills, professional examinations passed, and reasons for taking the course; 3. determine the trainings and advance studies attended by the graduates after finishing college; 4. determine the industry classification of the companies where they are employed, job position, monthly salary range, job requirements and the â€Å"waiting time† before they landed on a job. 5. determine the perceived factors that help them landed a job. Scope and Limitation This study aims will cover all College of Computer Studies graduates whether working abroad or in locally-based companies who graduated from SY 2001 to 2005 only to allow the graduates enough time to find employment. It aims to cover all graduates in local residence and those who are residing abroad. Significance of the Study An institution like CPU professes â€Å"Exemplary Christian Education for Life† as its Mission Statement which aims to offer quality education programs to its constituents. It is therefore relevant for the college to determine whether it has helped the graduates become productive members of the society. In any instance, the College has investigated the factors that significantly affect graduates’ employability given today’s conditions. This investigation is crucial to the growth of an institution because if there is no conduct of an evaluation of outcomes of the educational process there will be no benchmark unto which the basis of future developments can be based upon. School’s alumni are the best proof of its capability to effectively educate. This need for a tracer study for the College of Computer Studies is seen to be a long overdue endeavor that needs to be ventured upon. Since its conception it had produced 240 graduates to date. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Recognizing the importance of evaluating the status of an educational institution’s alumni is crucial to its growth if not to its existence. This need is recognized by government agencies that govern the quality of instruction in Higher Education Institutions (HEI’s) like Central Philippine University. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is conducting a comprehensive study that requires all HEI’s to do individual graduate tracer studies on their respective alumni. The result of the research will become a tool in pursuant to the envisioned upgrading of the educational system in the country. A move to outcome-based evaluation from an evaluation system based more on inputs represents a shift from the quantitative to the qualitative. The process is more searching, because the account must be reflective, and provide a justification of why things are done in a way that it has been chosen. Effectiveness of process has to be demonstrated, in relation to intended outcomes. Factual data is still required, but to support a case that a department is performing effectively, rather than as an end in itself. The approach is less prescriptive, for example a department must decide whether a particular set of data is relevant to a demonstration of effectiveness, rather than providing it simply because it has been required (CHED IQUAME Primer, 2006) Another government agency that pursued graduate tracer studies is the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). TESDA has embarked to undertake various studies and researches on Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programs and related TVET developments with the end view of coming up with evidence- based policy recommendations to be used by the management. One of which is the Expanded Tracer Study of SY 2000-2001 Post-Secondary Graduates conducted at the latter part of 2002. This study was undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness of TVET programs of all TVET institutions as manifested by the employability of its graduates. The result of this studies served as benchmark in determining performance in the provision of middle-level skills development services of the different TVET players of the regions. It is envisioned to provide signals on the kind of jobs TVET graduates go into; their income levels; the length of job search before landing their first job; and the certification, among others. Sub-module of the study was the evaluation of the PESFA graduates during the same period. This undertaking was done as part of the regular Monitoring and Evaluation of Training Performance (METP) System spearheaded by the Planning  Office of TESDA. The previous conduct of the graduate tracer study was undertaken in 2000 (TESDA), 2000). A study by S.N Zembere and M.P.M. Chinyama of the University of Malawi, discusses the results of the tracer study of the graduates of the University of Malawi who graduated between 1987 and 1995. The main objective of the tracer study was to examine the changes in the career pattern of the graduates in order to provide a basis of evaluation of the current programs of the University of Malawi. The significance of the study is to provide a continuation of the process of evaluation of the performance of the college as well as the graduates of the college. Another study, Tracer Study of Science and Technology graduates of 2000 and 2001 conducted by Management Information System Unit of Science and Technology Policy Research Division of the National Science Foundation Of Sri Lanka, the results of the study shows the trend of the employment status of the graduate by gender, employed and unemployed rates, sector employment, achievements, waiting time for the graduates for their first paid employment, waiting time for the graduates employment according to gender, view of the graduates for the effectiveness of the degree course, view of the graduates on the relevance of degree course to current employment, reasons for being engaged in fields not related to degree course, self employed graduates, obstacles faced by graduates when finding employment. The results of the study will also provide evaluation on how more will the college will provide updates on the degree course, so as to provide the basic requirements of the industry for employment. With the increase in the number of College graduates in the population, increasing also the rate of unemployment in the country, employment opportunities for graduates have become very competitive, Routine Alumni Tracer Study conducted by Maldives College of Higher education hopes to assess the employment status of their graduates, assess the impact of graduates training on job appointment and assess how graduates perceive their college in relation to their academic and professional developments.  Same objectives also this aims to achieve for their graduates. Career Outcomes of Graduates 2004, a study by Manwel Debono, Albert Debono and Noel Caruana focuses on the employability of the graduates. The study presented in this document provides a useful and essential tool when it comes to policy design and development in both the spheres of education and employment; two sectors that are welded and complementary. A close analysis of the findings leads one to conclude that the role of career guidance is a crucial and vital aspect of any person’s career path. Career guidance creates the possibility for a person to identify capacities, competences and interests that will lead to making appropriate educational, training and occupational decisions. Same concern of this study is to determine the trainings and advance studies attended by the graduates after finishing college. The college might as well provide career guidance that can provide significant support to individuals during their transition between levels of sector of education and trainings. On higher education institutions, a website posted by Far Eastern University becomes a tool in tracing the whereabouts of their alumni. On the same note, the college of Computer Studies, gears itself through the help of the University Research Center (URC) in the conduct of this study. CHAPTER 111 METHODOLOGY Research Design The study will utilize a descriptive-relational research design with the aid of a â€Å"one shot survey†. The tracing process of the most recent graduates The target group for the tracer study includes graduates of the year 2001 to 2005 of Central Philippine University. The respondents will comprise all the 240 graduates of the College which is included in the above mentioned range of years. The identification of the graduate was primarily based on a list  of graduates provided by the Registrar’s Office on all graduates of that period. Through this list names, addresses, emails and telephone numbers of most of the graduates were available from the date of enrolment.. However, it appeared necessary to follow up on contact addresses of all students in order to update their address details due to the possibility of movements since many students now have graduated and changed their contact addresses. First, all students will be contacted by telephone. This personal contact is expected to get many positive responses as well as encourage the graduates to participate in the study and, moreover, to identify the remaining group of stud ents. Second, personal network (word of mouth) and use of key resource persons from each group were used to enquire current addresses on those students who could not be traced through the previous method. Thirdly, a surveys will be mailed via the post office to graduates once their addresses are correctly identifies. Fourthly, an online registration system will be developed such that graduates who have internet connectivity can log-on and fill up the survey forms on-line in addition to the available exit questionnaire which is downloadable from the CPU website.. Data Collection Data will be collected utilizing quantitative approach. Structured questionnaire will be employed.  Survey. A structured questionnaire will be formulated based on the study objectives and identified variables and indicators. This variables and indicators will be based on previous studies of similar nature. As part of the proposal, the draft instrument will be submitted for comments and suggestions, the instrument will be revised and submitted for approval. The approved instrument will be pre-tested prior to the actual survey to identify areas for modification and refinement. Data will be collected by administering the instruments with the respondents who are readily available. For those who are not readily available, the instrument will be send to them by mail with a stamped return envelop or will be send electronically by email. The Questionnaire Design The questionnaire comprises three main subjects: Personal Details such as gender, age and place of residence; ï  ¶ Academic Details. This is primarily included in order to collect data about the students’ academic qualifications besides CPU credentials. Current Major Activity. This subject is to include to obtain the employment status and areas of employment of the CPU graduates. In order to ensure the maximum number of participants all traced students were followed up with personal telephone calls. All the traced students were notified about three times. Data Processing and Analysis The quantitative data will be computer-processed using SPSS PC+ Version 11. A coding manual will be prepared on the completed instrument and trained personnel will encode data in the computer. Quantitative data generated will be analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Interpretation will be based on the result of the analysis. Proposed Schedule of Activities Upon approval of the proposal, the following activities will be undertaken: MONTH ACTIVITIES Finalization of Survey Instrument Conduct of Survey Data Processing and Analysis Submission of Draft Report Revision of Report Submission of Final Report PROPOSED BUDGET BUDGET ITEMS A. Data Gathering B. Data Processing C. Supplies D. Editing E. Report reproduction GRAND TOTAL AMOUNT P 25, 000.00 10,000.00 7,000.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 P50,000.00 BIBLIOGRAPHY An Evaluation Report on the Expanded Tracer Study Of SY 2000-2001 Post-Secondary Graduates, Technical Educational and Skills Development Authority http://www.ilsdole.gov.ph/PAPs/ResCon/rcon_03ens1.htm (7:30PM 11/23/06) Michael Cosser, Graduate Tracer Study http://www.mche.edu.mv/assets/images/fmc/articles_online/tracer_fazna.pdf (7:43PM 11/23/06) Fazna Mohamed, June 2003, Interim Report on Alumni Tracer Study Programme, Maldives College of Higher Education, Faculty of Management and Computing, Sosun Magu, Henveyru, Male’ (20-05), Republic of Maldives.

Emigration Essay Essay Example

Emigration Essay Essay Example Emigration Essay Essay Emigration Essay Essay Emigration refers to the procedure of an person or a group of people populating their topographic point of beginning or abode state to populate in another state. The construct of out-migration is really much similar to in-migration except for the native state. It is normally used to depict the act and phenomenon that characterizes human motion between establishment provinces or boundaries. The act of out-migration normally occurs for assorted grounds ; some people might make up ones mind to emigrate for political. economic every bit good as societal grounds and others for such personal grounds like the desire to happen a partner while sing another state and in the procedure emigrating to settle with them in other instances. old twosomes may make up ones mind to travel from cold climes in order to settle in warm climes so as to pass the remainder of their lives ( Terra D. . 2000 ) . This paper is about the benefits and disadvantages of out-migration as a procedure. It besides tackles the issues that have been debated on increasing the figure of legal emigres to the United States. Even though the out-migration phenomenon has many ups. frequently. there are a few downs that come with its. Therefore. it is of import for both the person and the provinces concerned to see these facets. before the out-migration procedure is complete. In the U. S there has been a recent political heat generated by both the legal and illegal emigres to America. Assorted factors like the war on drugs. terrorist act. every bit good as the national shortage have wholly added the impulse to the argument on out-migration. It is undertakings that by 2015. the entire population of emigres in the U. S would be at approximately 420 million people. The population of the Hispanics who emigrated from Mexico could be at 100 million. which make about 57 per centum of the entire figure of emigres to U. S. The U. S offers persons a opportunity that frequently change many lives. For illustration. a big figure of intelligence and ambitious individuals. who are apparently dissatisfied with the province of personal businesss in the female parent states frequently. convey these accomplishments to America. The net consequence by this is that the state of origin normally loses its most skilled forces through the encephalon drain procedure. This will impede the development advancement of the state. On the other manus the state of finish frequently benefit from this procedure as it gets to acquire the best-trained and skilled forces ( Terra D. . 2000 ) . In fact English and other European citizens who risked a great trade of their lives to sail across the sea founded the U. S. The merchandises processed the skilled persons can assist better the lives o the people in the female parent states who may non hence hold had the engineering to supply them in malice of the human resource. Emigration besides increases the diverseness of a state and its population and at the same clip expands the civilization of the finish state. The multiethnic faith linguistic communications and civilizations is in America is mothered by other state ; the facet of diverseness offers a more tolerant population which is superficially than the autochthonal population. It frequently presents new thoughts perspectives music and nutrient. the universe of amusement is frequently afloat with new thoughts and different imposts among others that were originally non present. The emigres in most instances take up the low paying occupations that are labour intensive but which must be done all the same and are normally shunned by the autochthonal population. Similarly the extra inexpensive labour that is provided for by the emigres aids the flexibleness of concern ensuing in low-cost monetary values better quality merchandises every bit good as higher net incomes. One of the factors that affect the cost of making concern is labour therefore. when most houses are faced with the crisis of making low accomplishment occupations like cleaning suites they are bound to raise rewards every bit high as possible so as to run into the demand or extinguish them wholly. Even though the chance of higher rewards sounds good for the employees it frequently means higher monetary values or that the concern must run within lower net income borders would interpret to lower stock monetary values and therefore less investing in dollar influx. However the option of extinguishing the places wholly is non a feasible 1. As for one the concern denies persons the chance to employment on places it can offer and that the service offered will besides be of low quality. For case the quality of nutrient served would be compromised if dishes can non be decently cleaned. These issues can outdo be solved if the base of the labour pool is expanded through the legal out-migration procedure being increased ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. balancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm ) . The out-migration phenomenon nowadayss persons who are fighting in their topographic points of beginning the opportunity for a better life. The history of America is built on persons who emigrated to U. S and in the procedure sought chance. political every bit good as spiritual freedom among other assorted factors. For case people should present in the thick of the argument and inquire themselves really pertinent inquiries like whether out-migration are of any significance for America and besides understand the issue from the position of the emigre for illustration imagine you were the emigre who was faced with famishment. detainment without test or risked hanging for practising a religion that you so much believed in. R worse still you would non afford other basic human rights like look the right for free instruction. medical attention among others. Faced with this sort of quandary anyone would choose for any alternate that is able to offer him or her a better opportunity to populate. The United States is built or the anchor or such persons who have sacrificed much to accomplish this. There are every bit really pertinen t issues that have been raised by the oppositions of the out-migration procedure. For illustration the influx of may emigrants posses the hazard of many chances for terrorists drug traders every bit good as other felons to derive entree to the state lawfully. As was demonstrated in the 9/11 calamity most of the culprits lawfully emigrated to US therefore. any opportunity that would increase the chances for come ining the state merely enhances the possibility of holding many terrorists and drug traders. Once they gain entry they have the freedom to bust up hold nevertheless still the illegal emigres pose more menace than the legal 1s. as there are no proper records to assist follow them ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. alancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm ) . There is besides the perceptual experience that the emigrant peculiarly the poorer 1s frequently are a load on the revenue enhancement remunerators in footings of health care instruction public assistance among others as they consume more than they are able to give. A bulk of emigres to the United States frequently starts in the occupation market at really low rewards unless they receive extra preparation. Apparently the revenue enhancement system makes the proviso of maintaining low-income earners exempt from being taxed. This frequently translates to the instance where the degree of authorities resources needed for societal security public assistance health care and other activities like unemployment compensation among others will to a great extent be increased on the groups on a big that either wages really small or no revenue enhancements at all The other issue that is frequently raised in this argument is that the National individuality of the Americans every bit good the linguistic communication is easy vanishing when for case the argument on the issue of emigres hotel up. there were legion protests anti American slurs and Spanish version of the American anthem. This does non auger good for national coherence. as people would be drawing apart in categories like race. folks. and faith among others. The other job that is presented by the emigres is that less skilled American citizens will go on to gain less and at the same chances for this group will decrease as they are in competition with the emigres. Therefore. if the authorities pumps in more people seeking occupation chances. the sum of chances for work lessenings. In add-on the Torahs of economic supply every bit good as demand would surely force the rewards paid to the workers down farther than they would be. However with a committed authorities policy and economic growing some of these frights can be eliminated. In consequence the act by the authorities to diminish or wholly extinguish the opportunity of legal out-migration to the U. S will merely function to make a strong desire for more people to entry the state illicitly. Which will finally ensue in less assimilation and at the same clip fewer taxpaying every bit good as jurisprudence staying citizens in America ( Fitzgerald D. . Waldinger R. . 2004 ) . Many people have emigrated from their states to America as the chance of holding a existent opportunity of breaking their lives their kids or household. Majorities of the people who have emigrated to American hold frequently been characterized as those who would make all in their capacity merely to derive entree whether lawfully or non. This has forced illegal emigres to frequently conceal. As such they will non officially attend America schools. file revenue enhancement returns like the remainder of the citizens or any other typical activities that Americans undertake. Besides if they are able to interrupt the jurisprudence by deriving entry in to the state illicitly there is no warrant that this act will halt one time they come to America. Consequently the legal emigres and in peculiar those that plan to for good settle in the U. S are and must pay revenue enhancements and will most probably go to school to larn like the remainders of the American population. Similarly since they are lawfully in America. they are less likely to conceal and will easy absorb with the remainder of the chance of losing national individuality. linguistic communication and civilization. Finally they can besides prosecute and gain the right to vote and at the same clip take part in the political procedure which fundamentally means they are able to develop a determination doing interest in determining the hereafter of America. Therefore out-migration as a procedure has much to offer for both the state of beginning and the designate one.

Embryonic Stem Cells for Research Applications essays

Embryonic Stem Cells for Research Applications essays Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide indefinitely and develop into more mature, specialized cells. In the course of development, they ultimately become skin cells, neurons, muscle, blood cells and every other of the 220 cell types that make up the tissues and organs in the body. Through years of research, scientists have found that stem cells show an ability to divide indefinitely in their undifferentiated state in the laboratory. Although stems cells also exist in adult humans, embryonic stem cells are the most researched and debated. Currently, the U.S. has had limited federal funding of embryonic stem cells to the 60 stem cell lines that already exist. This is very unfortunate since it limit's the potential benefits that new stem cell lines might offer. The embryos from which human embryonic stem cells are derived are typically from four or five-day-old blastocysts. The blastocyst includes three structures: the trophoblast, which is the layer of cells that surrounds the blastocyst; the blastocoel, which is the hollow cavity inside the blastocyst; and the inner cell mass, which is a group of approximately 30 cells at one end of the blastocoel. Human embryonic stem cells are isolated by transferring the inner cell mass into a petri dish containing a culture medium. The inner surface of the culture dish is typically coated with a feeder layer, consisting of mouse embryonic skin cells that have been treated so they will not divide. The feeder cells release nutrients into the culture medium and act as a sticky surface allowing the inner cell to attach. Recently, scientists have begun to devise ways of growing embryonic stem cells without the mouse feeder cells. This is a significant scientific advancement because of the risk that virus es or other macromolecules in the mouse cells may be transmitted to the human cells. For several days, the cells of the inner cell mass proliferate, and when this occurs, the...

Words Beginning With For- and Fore-

Words Beginning With For- and Fore- Words Beginning With For- and Fore- Words Beginning With For- and Fore- By Maeve Maddox English has several words that begin with the prefixes for- and fore- Sometimes the prefix means â€Å"before† or â€Å"in front of.† Sometimes it means â€Å"outside,† a meaning derived from an Old French element related to modern French hors, as in the French borrowing hors d’oeuvre, â€Å"outside the main course.† Perhaps the most frequently misspelled of this category is the word found at the beginning of many books: Foreword. A book’s foreword is a preface, a brief essay not necessarily essential for the understanding of the text of a book and commonly written by someone other than the author of the text. Confusion arises from the existence of the adjective forward. As an adjective, forward is used to describe something that is in front of or ahead of something else. On a ship, things located towards the front are said to be forward, for example, the â€Å"forward hold.† A â€Å"forward child† in a positive sense is a clever child, precocious for its years. In a negative sense, a â€Å"forward child† is like the ones on television who exchange quips, insults, and double entendres with adults; again, the sense is that the child is ahead of its years. The three verbs forecast, foretell, and foresee all mean â€Å"to predict† or â€Å"to prophesy,† but have different connotations: The weatherman forecast showers for Monday. (prediction based on analysis of data) The gypsy foretold Gwen’s marriage to a rancher. (prediction based on mysterious knowledge) Harold’s business experience enabled him to foresee the consequences of his partner’s decision. (prediction based on personal experience) Some other verbs beginning with fore- in which the sense is â€Å"happening before† are: forebode: to announce beforehand. Forebode and forbid come from OE verbs with similar meanings. Forbid now means â€Å"to command a person not to do something.† Forebode means to announce ahead of time. The word forbode carries a connotation of dread, for example, â€Å"Vanishing act of middle class forebodes turbulent time.† The verb bode, on the other hand, means simply â€Å"to predict† or â€Å"to give promise of something† and may be used in either a positive or a negative context: Stephen Colberts Super-Charming Late Show Appearance Bodes Well for His New Gig. Scottish independence does not bode well for its economy foreordain: to determine in advance. â€Å"His hostility drives the drama in the first act, and his frenetic dancing in the second makes his demise seem foreordained.† forewarn: to warn or caution in advance. This quotation from Charles Kingsley has become a proverb: â€Å"To be forewarned is to be forearmed,† (i.e., knowledge of what is about to happen is like having a weapon with which to defend yourself). In the following nouns the prefix has the sense of â€Å"before†: forelock: A lock of hair growing from the fore part of the head, just above the forehead. In old novels you’ll find references to farm workers and other social inferiors touching or tugging their forelocks to show respect to their superiors: â€Å"There was plenty of bobbing from the girls and pulling of forelocks from the boys.† The expression â€Å"to take opportunity by the forelock† means to take advantage of a situation as aggressively as possible: â€Å"He seized opportunity by the forelock and secured the best aid possible in his business† forefather: an ancestor, one who has come before. foresight: The action or faculty of foreseeing what must happen. For example, â€Å"[Jacob Little] had unusual foresight, which at times seemed to amount to prescience.† In the following verbs, the prefix is from the French borrowing that meant â€Å"outside†: forbear: to abstain or refrain from â€Å"The defendants were asked to forbear to arrest Mr. Swift.† forswear: to swear falsely; to abandon or renounce â€Å"As waggish boys in game themselves forswear, So the boy Love is perjured everywhere.† A Midsummer Night’s Dream, I, i, 240-241. forfeit: to lose the right to; give up â€Å"The execution of a murderer does not violate his right to life, because he forfeited that right when he committed a murder.† John Locke forget: to lose remembrance of forgive: to give up resentment forsake: to give up, renounce foreclose: to preclude, hinder, or prohibit (a person) from (an action). Although spelled fore-, the prefix in foreclose has the â€Å"out† meaning, as in â€Å"to shut out.† Finally, there are two words that look almost alike, but have quite different origins: forebear (noun): An ancestor, forefather, progenitor (usually more remote than a grandfather). This noun is formed from the prefix fore- (before) and an old word, beer. This beer has nothing to do with the beverage. Instead, it comes from the verb to be. A be-er is one who exists. A forebear existed before you did. forbear (verb): to abstain or refrain from something. â€Å"Woman, forbear that weeping!† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsHyper and HypoSupervise vs. Monitor

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Personal Statement Example I joined the National Academy of Public Administration in Viet Nam for a Bachelor of Public Administration in 2006 to help attain this dream. In the same year, i undertook a course in computer programs to help sharpen my computer skills. It was during this period that my communication skill, interpersonal skills and research skills were enhanced. I learned to conduct research, train new comers, solve office and technical problems as well as organize for volunteer activities. This greatly exposed me to both the internal and external environment thus helping me adapt and manage the pressure from both. Not only that, it equipped me with good interpersonal skills and helped me to integrate with people from all over the world, thus I learned to appreciate the various cultures and practices. I gained various honors and prizes that helped me to venture in various activities like in martial arts and in research. I was the class president, which equipped me with leadership skills. La ter, I joined Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, U.S for a Master of Business Administration and Master of Accountancy to increase my knowledge. The campus is great and through it am improving greatly I now chair the organization for Viet Nam students and take part in research. My intent is to reach higher goals and attain good grades and so set an example to the rest of my peers. It is for this reason that I seek to study in your campus under the scholarship program as it will not only fulfill this dream, but it is also better equipped with the right material for my course. The scholarship will fulfill my dream of a better campus besides providing a good and conducive environment to better my career. I hope that my request will be

Smartphones Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smartphones - Annotated Bibliography Example There are a thousand parts of the smartphones that cause a range of concerns. Such issues range from freezing to the force closing of application and booting attached problems just like computer or tablet problems. The warranty coverages halt after some years and hence the customer remains responsible for the hardware or software replacement. In addition, cost a chief setback to smartphones with respect to owning and operating smartphones (Perlow 34). It is interesting to uncover that one’s monthly cell phone bill for the smartphone is higher as compared to ordinary cellphones. Chief Cellphone carriers like Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile and Sprint users pay up to 75 and 120 dollars monthly for Smartphones excluding taxes and fees. The initial costs of acquiring smartphones are also high with a minimum $600. However, it is beneficial to signing on with carriers to due to discounts after signing a contract service. Smartphones provide capabilities such as those of Blackberry, iPhone, Windows Phone and Android that far much compared to basic clamshell and flip-style phones. Smartphones presents users with ability to check for social media sites, email conversation and transaction performance like read books and instant messages. As the smartphones provide capabilities that ordinary cellphones, a sense of convenience crops in those basic cells cannot provide. The GPS application capabilities offer users turn-by-turn directions to anywhere from all location. Bank account balance can be accessed; social networking further helps users keep close ties with relatives, friends and families (Perlow 52). The used smartphones will cost less relative to new ones but still perform the functionality required. They are purchased on auction sites such as eBay as well as when advertised in local newspapers classifieds sections and Craigslist. However, one must assess the smartphone for any past

Compare lancasters 'characteristics' approach to consumer demand with Essay

Compare lancasters 'characteristics' approach to consumer demand with the standard neo-classical approach. What is lancaster's c - Essay Example Take any microeconomics book and one would be able to see a lot about consumer demand and supply, pricing strategy, branding and supply chain management in detail. These theories and strategies are (Lee & Keen, 2002, p- 7) mostly framed on various concepts which evolved throughout the time for centuries. The neoclassical economic theories are the most famous among them. They are used extensively in economics till date. Neoclassical theory basically explains the output of employment. According to it, the value of the product is determined by the time spend to create it and the labor cost involved. Consumers buy the product for their pleasure(utility). Every consumer purchases a product to make their life easier or pleasurable in one way or another (Clark, n.d.). The theory emphasizes, the people who work more, earn more and hence purchase more. Every business uses neoclassical theories mentioned in these books for creating value for their products and marketing them to a certain exten t. Over the years, many strategies like the prospect theory started to evolve in the place of the neoclassical theory. Lancaster's model of consumer demand which explores the characteristics of the goods is widely applicable to the modern day businesses where no major physical entity is involved. He argues a person buys the characteristics of the product not the real product. He simply states â€Å"goods are what are thought of as goods†. According to the theory, a consumer actually pays for some characteristic of the product like the nutrient content in the milk which will be useful to them. This paper compares the Lancaster theory with the neoclassical concepts and analyzes how the former one is more suitable to the modern day businesses. Lancaster’s Concept The "New Economic Theory of Consumer Behavior" redefined the way the economists look at business. According to the theory, every product is considered as a set of characteristics that are useful to the customer ( Wierenga). This model is multidimensional and helps in maximizing the profits of modern day businesses like cloud computing and software as a service where only the characteristics of the product are utilized by the customers. The Lancaster model is not as famous as the other economic theories. Only a very few scholars have tried to prove its benefits with empirical data. Ratchford has proved the model is applicable when a customer is given a choice to choose one particular product from various alternatives. Lancaster model opposes the traditional demand theory model emphasized widely by the neoclassical theory. The main advantage of this approach is it gives us a chance to explore the technological attributes of the product in a much better way (Marcin, 1992). According to the neoclassical theory, only goods concerned with the basic needs like food, shelter and entertainment are considered as commodities of high demand. They deal with customer choice with budget constraint as the m ain factor influencing the customer behavior. The customer will choose a product that is useful to them in maximum ways and still stays affordable. The Lancaster model on the other hand insists, the goods themselves are not purchased, but only their characteristics, which are in turn shaped by observing the customer b

Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua Research Paper

Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua - Research Paper Example After a rigorous analysis here we have an example of a county being negatively affected by the effects of globalization. Resultantly, the individuals i.e. the Youth in Nicaragua is now determined to put in play new and autonomous forms of outfit in an attempt to trigger massive positive change in their very own localities. To determine all this, a wide variety of sources, including geographic data, ethnographic data and all other sources of economic data have been used. The reasons why globalization made one country to prosper and the other to deteriorate both socially and economically have been well analyzed and integrated into the conclusion. Since the partition from Pakistan and Freedom from Colonial rulers, Indian Economy has been striving really hard to stabilize itself. The partition from Pakistan also affected the economy negatively as all the economic assets like; printing presses, manufacturing units, fertile agricultural lands, and the irrigation system. This division affected the economy adversely and it took almost two decades to recover from the after math of that economic and political shock. British traders still have a strong influence on the Indian economy as in the late nineties the industrial development stagnated and the market had to be saved for the foreign traders. Analysts support that the efforts to free the country’s economy from state interventions contributed a lot to the stable growth that came on the face in the 1980s. As a known fact, the open economy and a free-market economy has lesser governmental interventions. Thus, bringing in more creativity by waiving off more and more restrictions to let people trade in the way they want to. In India, the economically active class of the society had strived to their wits to free the market from unnecessary governmental interventions. However, that period was also marked with heavy foreign borrowing.

Second Balkan War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Second Balkan War - Essay Example It is always possible to look at past conflicts in detached and scientific spirit to arrive at objective lessens. The warning given by Toynbee (1948), civilizations die from suicide, not by murder is alarmingly relevant today. The Second Balkan War, which erupted in 1913, has been massive in its destruction, not only when the actual war took place, but also in the later conflicts triggered by the fragile nature of the peace treaties. The present day world torn between conflicting interests is on the brink of war all the time. The study of the strength and weakness of the strategies of Conflict Management of the Second Balkan war would aid our understanding of the present day conflict zones and might satisfactory solutions for managing conflict across the globe. Conflict management is as old as man. However, the false ideals of patriotism, unhealthy way of releasing it in war with other countries and pernicious theories of superiority of races helped only to whip up sentiments against the enemy and there was no attempt in scholarly circles to study the psychological springs of conflict. However, it is only recently that it has become a branch of academic discipline, which attracted serious scholarly pursuit across the globe. The early attempts in the 1960s were to explore the psychological aspects of conflict. The pioneering work some psychologists in fact offered a critique to the American theory of deterrence against the Soviet Union (Russell, 1961). The attention of the psychologists was shifting from rousing the feelings of people for war to raising their mind to explore the possibility for peace. As Morawski and Goldstein (1985) observed, these Cold War writings contrasted sharply with earlier publications on war and peace in several w ays: psychologists began to emphasize the prevention of war rather than preparations for war whereas previous research had attempted to document or generate public consensus with government policy, the new work was critical of U.S. foreign policies (p. 280). In the past there was a tendency to eulogize war even though it was negative in its destructive nature. More and more psychologists started exploring the possibility of peace. This resulted in the study of promotion of peace (Wagner, de Rivera, & Watkins, 1988). Peace was defined as an active construct, characterized by the co-operation between peoples and nations springing from the desire to satisfy the needs of the entire humanity. There is increasing number of different types of conflict like, ethnic (Sri Lanka), religious (Northern Ireland), and territory linked (India-Pakistan, Arab-Israeli) and political (Nepal). International conflicts have different dimensions and varying degrees of amiability to conflict management. Some conflicts are protracted (Azar, 1986). One of the unique features of these conflicts is the difficulty of managing them peacefully. The Second Balkan Wars The Second Balkan War was fought in 1913 between Bulgaria and its former allies in the First Balkan war, Greece and Serbia. Romania and the Ottoman Empire intervened against Bulgaria. The outcome of the war made Serbia, an ally of the Russian Empire, an important

Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua Research Paper

Globalization and Illustrates in India and Nicaragua - Research Paper Example After a rigorous analysis here we have an example of a county being negatively affected by the effects of globalization. Resultantly, the individuals i.e. the Youth in Nicaragua is now determined to put in play new and autonomous forms of outfit in an attempt to trigger massive positive change in their very own localities. To determine all this, a wide variety of sources, including geographic data, ethnographic data and all other sources of economic data have been used. The reasons why globalization made one country to prosper and the other to deteriorate both socially and economically have been well analyzed and integrated into the conclusion. Since the partition from Pakistan and Freedom from Colonial rulers, Indian Economy has been striving really hard to stabilize itself. The partition from Pakistan also affected the economy negatively as all the economic assets like; printing presses, manufacturing units, fertile agricultural lands, and the irrigation system. This division affected the economy adversely and it took almost two decades to recover from the after math of that economic and political shock. British traders still have a strong influence on the Indian economy as in the late nineties the industrial development stagnated and the market had to be saved for the foreign traders. Analysts support that the efforts to free the country’s economy from state interventions contributed a lot to the stable growth that came on the face in the 1980s. As a known fact, the open economy and a free-market economy has lesser governmental interventions. Thus, bringing in more creativity by waiving off more and more restrictions to let people trade in the way they want to. In India, the economically active class of the society had strived to their wits to free the market from unnecessary governmental interventions. However, that period was also marked with heavy foreign borrowing.

Non word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Non word - Assignment Example She spent $5,000 to purchase her steno machine, $2,000 on a new computer, and $500 on miscellaneous office supplies. She financed these purchases by withdrawing $7,500 from her personal savings account. When she closed the account, the bank representative mentioned that she would have earned 4% interest next year. If Bev hadn’t opened her own business, she would have earned a salary of $25,000. In her first year, Bev’s revenues were $30,000. Which of the following statements is correct? _B___ 22. Studies indicate that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is about 0.4. A government policy aimed at reducing smoking changed the price of a pack of cigarettes from $2 to $6. According to the midpoint method, the government policy should have reduced smoking by 2. A firm hires two workers and rents 15 acres of land for a season. It produces 150,000 bushels of crop. If it had doubled its land and labor, production would have been 325000 bushels. Does it have constant, decreasing, or increasing returns to scale? It has an increasing returns to scale. This is because the marginal returns were 175000 bushels produced when the labor and land were increased. The double production inputs should have at least resulted to a double output which was the case. In fact, the number was more than 300,000 bushels which would have been the expected

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay 1. Introduction IT HAS BEEN A LONG FELT NECESSITY TO ALIGN HIGHER EDUCATION WITH THE EMERGING NEEDS OF THE ECONOMY SO AS TO ENSURE THAT THE GRADUATES OF HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS FOR EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP. THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM HAS TO INCORPORATE THE REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS INDUSTRIES IN ITS CURRICULUM, IN AN INNOVATIVE AND FLEXIBLE MANNER WHILE DEVELOPING A HOLISTIC AND WELL GROOMED GRADUATE. MINISTRY OF HRD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HAD ISSUED AN EXECUTIVE ORDER IN SEPTEMBER 2011 FOR NATIONAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK (NVEQF). SUBSEQUENTLY, MINISTRY OF FINANCE, IN PURSUANCE OF  THE DECISION OF CABINET COMMITTEE ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN ITS MEETING held on 19th December, 2013, has issued a notification for National Skills QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK (NSQF) WHICH SUPERSEDES NVEQF. UNDER THE NATIONAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, MANY SECTOR SKILL COUNCILS REPRESENTING RESPECTIVE INDUSTRIES HAVE/ARE BEING ESTABLISHED. ONE OF THE MANDATES OF SECTOR SKILL COUNCILS IS TO DEVELOP NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS (NOSS) FOR VARIOUS JOB ROLES IN THEIR RESPECTIVE INDUSTRIES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMBED THE COMPETENCIES REQUIRED FOR SPECIFIC JOB ROLES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM FOR CREATING EMPLOYABLE  GRADUATES. THE UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC) HAS LAUNCHED A SCHEME ON SKILLS DEVELOPMENT BASED HIGHER EDUCATION AS PART OF COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, LEADING TO BACHELOR OF VOCATION (B. VOC. ) DEGREE WITH MULTIPLE EXITS SUCH AS DIPLOMA/ADVANCED DIPLOMA UNDER THE NSQF. THE B. VOC. PROGRAMME IS FOCUSED ON UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES PROVIDING UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES WHICH WOULD ALSO INCORPORATE SPECIFIC JOB ROLES AND THEIR NOSS ALONGWITH BROAD BASED GENERAL EDUCATION. THIS WOULD ENABLE THE GRADUATES COMPLETING B. VOC. TO MAKE A MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION IN ACCELERATING INDIA’S ECONOMY BY GAINING APPROPRIATE  EMPLOYMENT, BECOMING ENTREPRENEURS AND CREATING APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 2 2. Objectives 2. 1 To provide judicious mix of skills relating to a profession and appropriate CONTENT OF GENERAL EDUCATION. 2. 2 To ensure that the students have adequate knowledge and skills, so that THEY ARE WORK READY AT EACH EXIT POINT OF THE PROGRAMME. 2. 3 To provide flexibility to the students by means of pre-defined entry and MULTIPLE EXIT POINTS. 2. 4 To integrate NSQF within the undergraduate level of higher education in ORDER TO ENHANCE EMPLOYABILITY OF THE GRADUATES AND MEET INDUSTRY REQUIREMENTS. SUCH GRADUATES APART FROM MEETING THE NEEDS OF LOCAL AND NATIONAL INDUSTRY ARE ALSO EXPECTED TO BE EQUIPPED TO BECOME PART OF THE GLOBAL WORKFORCE. 2. 5 To provide vertical mobility to students coming out of 10+2 with VOCATIONAL SUBJECTS. 3. Levels of Awards THE CERTIFICATION LEVELS WILL LEAD TO DIPLOMA/ADVANCED DIPLOMA/B. VOC. DEGREE IN ONE OR MORE VOCATIONAL AREAS AND WILL BE OFFERED UNDER THE AEGIS OF THE UNIVERSITY. THIS IS OUT-LINED IN TABLE I. TABLE 1: AWARDS AWARD DURATION CORRESPONDING NSQF LEVEL DIPLOMA 1 YEAR 5 ADVANCED DIPLOMA 2 YEARS 6 B. VOC. DEGREE 3 YEARS 7 EACH OF THE AWARDS SHALL SPECIFY WITHIN PARENTHESIS, THE SKILL(S) SPECIALIZATION FOR EXAMPLE: ? B. Voc. (Renewably Energy Management) ? B. Voc. (Retail Management) ? B. Voc. (Retail Management and IT) ? Advanced Diploma (Food Processing) ? Advanced Diploma (Health Care) ? Advanced Diploma (Hospitality and Tourism) ? Diploma (Green House Technology) ? Diploma (BPO) ? Diploma (Jewellery Designing) UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 3 A suggestive list of vocational sectors and related specializations is given below: Universities and colleges may like to identify additional sectors/specializations in view of the potential for employment in the local industries and meet the standards laid  down by National Occupational Standards. No. Sector Specialization 1. Automobiles 1. Engine Testing 2. Vehicle Testing 3. Vehicle Quality 4. Auto Electricals and Electronics. 5. Farm Equipment and Machinery 2. Entertainment 1. Theatre and Stage Craft 2. Contemporary Western Dance 3. Theatre studies 4. Acting 3. Information Technology 1. Software Development 4 Telecommunications 1. Mobile Communication 5. Marketing 1. Retail 6. Agriculture 1. Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 2. Green House Technology 3. Renewable Energy 4. Processing and Food Engineering 5. Soil and Water Conservation 7. Construction 1. Building Technology 8. Applied Arts 1. Fashion Technology 2. Interior Design 3. Jewellery Design 9. Tourism 1. Tourism and Service Industry 10. Printing and Publishing 1. Printing Technology UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 4 4. ELIGIBILITY /TARGET ALL UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES INCLUDED UNDER SECTIONS 2(F) AND 12(B) OF THE UGC ACT, 1956 AND RECEIVING PLAN GRANT FROM THE UGC ARE ELIGIBLE FOR UGC FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE UNDER THE SCHEME. 5. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION IN B. VOC. THE ELIGIBILITY CONDITION FOR ADMISSION TO B. VOC. PROGRAMME SHALL BE 10+2 OR EQUIVALENT, IN ANY STREAM. 6. CURRICULUM 6. 1 THE CURRICULUM IN EACH OF THE YEARS OF THE PROGRAMME WOULD BE A. SUITABLE MIX OF GENERAL EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS. CURRICULUM DETAILS SHOULD BE WORKED BEFORE INTRODUCTION OF THE COURSES. 6. 2 SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS: (I) THE FOCUS OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS SHALL BE TO EQUIP STUDENTS WITH APPROPRIATE KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE AND ATTITUDE, SO AS TO BECOME WORK READY. THE SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS SHOULD BE RELEVANT TO THE INDUSTRIES AS PER THEIR REQUIREMENTS. (II) THE CURRICULUM SHOULD NECESSARILY EMBED WITHIN ITSELF, NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS (NOSS) OF SPECIFIC JOB ROLES WITHIN THE INDUSTRY SECTOR(S). THIS WOULD ENABLE THE STUDENTS TO MEET THE  LEARNING OUTCOMES SPECIFIED IN THE NOSS. (III) THE OVERALL DESIGN OF THE SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT ALONG WITH THE JOB ROLES SELECTED SHOULD BE SUCH THAT IT LEADS TO A COMPREHENSIVE SPECIALIZATION IN ONE OR TWO DOMAINS. (IV) IN CASE NOS IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR A SPECIFIC AREA / JOB ROLE, THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD GET THE CURRICULUM FOR THIS DEVELOPED IN CONSULTATION WITH INDUSTRY EXPERTS. (V) THE CURRICULUM SHOULD ALSO FOCUS ON WORK-READINESS SKILLS IN EACH OF THE THREE YEARS. (VI) ADEQUATE ATTENTION NEEDS TO BE GIVEN IN CURRICULUM DESIGN TO PRACTICAL WORK, ON THE JOB TRAINING, DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT  PORTFOLIOS AND PROJECT WORK. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 5 6. 3 GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT: (i) The general education component should adhere to the normal UNIVERSITY STANDARDS. IT SHOULD EMPHASISE AND OFFER COURSES WHICH PROVIDE HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT. HOWEVER, IT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 40% OF THE TOTAL CURRICULUM. (ii) Adequate emphasis should be given to language and COMMUNICATION SKILLS. 6. 4 THE CURRICULUM SHOULD BE DESIGNED IN A MANNER THAT AT THE END OF YEAR- 1, YEAR-2 AND YEAR-3, STUDENTS ARE ABLE TO MEET BELOW MENTIONED LEVEL DESCRIPTORS FOR LEVEL 5, 6 AND 7 OF NSQF, RESPECTIVELY: Level Process required  Professional knowledge Professional skill Core skill Responsibili ty Level 5 Job that requires well developed skill, with clear choice of procedures in familiar context Knowledge of facts, principles, processes and general concepts, in a field of work or study A range of cognitive and practical skills required to accomplish tasks and solve problems by selecting and applying basic methods, tools materials and information Desired mathematical skill, understandin g of social, political and some skill of collecting and organizing information, communicati on. Responsibilit y for own work and learning and some responsibility  for other’s works and learning Level 6 Demands wide range of specialized technical skill, clarity of knowledge and practice in broad range of activity involving standard / non-standard practices Factual and theoretical knowledge in broad contexts within a field of work or study A range of cognitive and practical skills required to generate solutions to specific problems in a field of work or study Reasonably good in mathematical calculation, understandin g of social, political and, reasonably good in data collecting organizing information, and logical communicati on Responsibilit y for own work and learning and full  responsibility for other’s works and learning UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 6 Level 7 Requires a command of wide ranging specialized theoretical and practical skill, involving variable routine and non-routine context Wide ranging, factual and theoretical knowledge in broad contexts within a field of work or study Wide range of cognitive and practical skills required to generate solutions to specific problems in a field of work or study Good logical and mathematical skill understandin g of social political and natural environment good in collecting and organizing information, communicati on and presentation skill  Full responsibility for output of group and development a. Professional knowledge is what a learner should know and understand WITH REFERENCE TO THE SUBJECT. b. Professional skills are what a learner should be able to do. c. Core skills refer to basic skills involving dexterity and use of methods, MATERIALS, TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS USED TO PERFORM THE JOB INCLUDING IT SKILLS NEEDED FOR THAT JOB. d. Responsibility aspect determines the (i) nature of working relationship, (ii) LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR SELF AND OTHERS, (III) MANAGING CHANGE AND (IV) ACCOUNTABILITY FOR ACTIONS. 6. 5 Guidelines for credit calculations. 6. 5. 1 THIS SECTION CONTAINS CREDIT FRAMEWORK GUIDELINES. THE UNIVERSITY/ COLLEGE SHOULD USE THESE GUIDELINES OR ADAPT THEM. 6. 5. 2 THE FOLLOWING FORMULA SHOULD BE USED FOR CONVERSION OF TIME INTO CREDIT HOURS. a) One Credit would mean equivalent of 15 periods of 60 minutes EACH, FOR THEORY, WORKSHOPS/LABS AND TUTORIALS; b) For internship/field work, the credit weightage for equivalent hours SHALL BE 50% OF THAT FOR LECTURES/WORKSHOPS; c) For self-learning, based on e-content or otherwise, the credit WEIGHTAGE FOR EQUIVALENT HOURS OF STUDY SHOULD BE 50% OR LESS OF THAT FOR LECTURES/WORKSHOPS. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 7 6. 5. 3 THE SUGGESTED CREDITS FOR EACH OF THE YEARS ARE AS FOLLOWS: TABLE 3 NSQF Level Skill Component Credits General Education Credits Normal calendar duration Exit Points / Awards Year 3 36 24 Six Semesters B. Voc. Year 2 36 24 Four semesters Advanced Diploma Year 1 36 24 Two semesters Diploma TOTAL 108 72 6. 6 THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD DEVELOP THE CURRICULUM IN CONSULTATION WITH INDUSTRY. THE INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES SHOULD BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE ACADEMIC BODIES OF THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE. WHILE DOING SO, THEY SHOULD WORK TOWARDS ALIGNING THE SKILLS COMPONENTS OF THE CURRICULUM  WITH THE NOSS DEVELOPED BY THE RESPECTIVE SECTOR SKILL COUNCILS. 6. 7 THE PRACTICAL/HANDS-ON PORTION OF THE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS OF THE CURRICULUM SHOULD BE TRANSACTED NORMALLY IN FACE TO FACE MODE, EITHER WITHIN THE INSTITUTION OR AT A SPECIFIED INDUSTRY PARTNER LOCATION. HOWEVER, IF DUE TO THE NATURE OF THE SKILL TO BE LEARNT, THE INDUSTRY PRESCRIBES ITS ACQUISITION THROUGH BLENDED OR DISTANCE MODE, THE SAME MAY BE FOLLOWED. IN NUTSHELL, THE EMPHASIS SHOULD BE ON LEARNING OUTCOME AND NOT THE INPUT AND PROCESSES. THE GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT OF THE CURRICULUM MAY BE TRANSACTED IN ANY MODE WITHOUT COMPROMISING ON QUALITY. 6. 8 THE SPECIALIZATION CHOSEN BY THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD BE BASED ON THE EXISTING/FORECASTED SKILL GAPS IN THE INDUSTRY. 6. 9 RELEVANCE OF PROGRAMMES OFFERED, ALONG WITH THAT OF THE CURRICULUM IS IMPORTANT. THEREFORE, MONITORING, EVALUATION AND UPDATING OF THE CURRICULUM NEEDS TO BE DONE PERIODICALLY IN CONSULTATION WITH INDUSTRY, KEEPING IN VIEW THEIR REQUIREMENTS AND CHANGES IN NOSS. THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD INCORPORATE THIS AS A CONTINUOUS AND DYNAMIC PROCESS IN-BUILT IN THEIR SYSTEM. 6. 10 THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD APPROPRIATELY USE TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DELIVERY OF COURSES. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 8 7. EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT 7. 1 THE ASSESSMENT FOR THE GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT SHOULD BE DONE BY THE UNIVERSITY AS PER THEIR PREVAILING STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES. 7. 2 THE ASSESSMENT FOR THE SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS SHOULD NECESSARILY FOCUS ON PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE SKILLS ACQUIRED. THE UNIVERSITY MAY LIKE TO CONSULT THE RESPECTIVE SECTOR SKILL COUNCIL FOR DESIGNING THE EXAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT PATTERN FOR THE SKILL DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS. THE UNIVERSITY MAY ALSO CONSIDER USING THE DESIGNATED ASSESSORS OF SECTOR SKILL COUNCILS/INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE CONDUCT OF PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT. 7. 3 THE UNIVERSITY HAS TO NECESSARILY ESTABLISH A CREDIT BASED ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR THE B. VOC. PROGRAMME. 8. INFRASTRUCTURE AND FACULTY FOR B. VOC. PROGRAMME 8. 1 UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE NEEDS TO HAVE ADEQUATE LABORATORY /WORKSHOP FACILITIES FOR FACE TO FACE DELIVERY OF SKILLS AND HANDS-ON PRACTICE EITHER OWNED OR ARRANGED THROUGH TIE-UP WITH THE PARTNER INDUSTRY OR ANY INSTITUTION RECOGNIZED BY THE CERTIFICATION AGENCY. 8. 2 THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD USE ITS REGULAR FACULTY FOR THE CONDUCT OF GENERAL EDUCATION COMPONENT AND ALSO FOR THE SKILLS COMPONENTS, IF  EXISTING. ADDITIONALLY, THEY MAY HIRE FACULTY ON CONTRACTUAL BASIS AND GUEST FACULTY IN THE CORE TRADES ONLY AS PER UGC NORMS. 8. 3 THERE IS A PROVISION OF ONE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND TWO ASSISTANT PROFESSORS (PURELY ON CONTRACTUAL BASIS DURING XII PLAN PERIOD), UNDER THIS SCHEME. 9. STUDENT FEE STUDENT FEE SHOULD BE DECIDED AS PER THE PREVALENT MECHANISM FOR FEE FIXATION FOR AIDED COURSES IN THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE. 10. OTHER CONDITIONS 10. 1 THE UNIVERSITY HAS TO NECESSARILY ADOPT A CREDIT BASED ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION SYSTEM IN SEMESTER MODE FOR THE B. VOC. PROGRAMME. 10. 2 THE B. VOC. PROGRAMME SHOULD BE EVALUATED AND MONITORED BY THE UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE THROUGH ITS EXISTING MECHANISM OR BY SETTING UP AN ALTERNATE MECHANISM, WITH INVOLVEMENT OF INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVES. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 9 10. 3 UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD DEVELOP BYE-LAWS FOR RUNNING THE B. VOC. DEGREE PROGRAMME. 10. 4 BYE-LAWS FOR THE COURSE SHOULD INCLUDE PROVISION OF REJOINING OR RE- ADMISSION TO THE COURSE DURING THE PERIOD AND COUNSELING/ MECHANISM FOR PROPER SELECTION OF SPECIALIZATION BY THE STUDENTS AT THE TIME OF ADMISSION. 10. 5 A COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY SHOULD OFFER A MINIMUM OF 2 SKILL SPECIALIZATIONS. UNDER THE B. VOC. PROGRAMME. 11. FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE THE FINANCIAL ALLOCATION WILL BE MADE BY UGC WITHIN OVERALL CEILING OF RS. 1. 85 CRORES FOR A PERIOD OF THREE YEARS UNDER DIFFERENT HEADS AS GIVEN BELOW: 11. 1 START-UP ASSISTANCE: A ONE-TIME START-UP ASSISTANCE OF RS. 50. 00 LAKH FOR SETTING UP OF LABORATORIES/WORKSHOPS FACILITIES, PROCUREMENT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS, MACHINERIES/EQUIPMENT AND RENOVATION. THIS SHALL NOT COVER ANY NEW CONSTRUCTION. 11. 2 FACULTY: ONE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND TWO ASSISTANT PROFESSORS – RS. 75. 00 LAKH FOR THREE YEARS (PURELY ON CONTRACTUAL BASIS DURING XII PLAN  PERIOD). RS. 25. 00 LAKHS PER ANNUM X 3 YEARS = RS. 75. 00 LAKH TO BE REIMBURSED ON ACTUAL BASIS WITHIN THE TOTAL ALLOCATION. 11. 3 INSTITUTIONS SHOULD RECRUIT FACULTY ONLY IN THE CORE TRADES BEING OFFERED UNDER THE SCHEME. 11. 4 VISITING/GUEST FACULTY: RS. 5. 00 LAKH FOR FIRST YEAR AND RS. 10. 00 LAKH FOR SECOND AND RS. 15. 00 LAKH FOR THIRD YEAR. 11. 5 THE OPERATIVE YEARLY COST: THE OPERATIVE YEARLY COST SHALL BE OF RS. 10. 00 LAKHS PER ANNUM. EXISTING FACULTY RS. 500/- PER LECTURE VISITING/GUEST FACULTY RS. 2,000/- PER LECTURE UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 10 12. PROCEDURE FOR APPLYING UNDER THE SCHEME  12. 1 UNIVERSITY/COLLEGE SHOULD SUBMIT PROPOSAL FOR INTRODUCTION OF B. VOC. PROGRAMME DIRECTLY TO UGC IN THE PRESCRIBED PROFORMA ATTACHED AS ANNEXURE-I. HOWEVER, COLLEGE SHOULD ALSO SUBMIT A COPY OF â€Å"NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE† FROM THE AFFILIATING UNIVERSITY. 13. ANNEXURES (A) PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF PROPOSAL FOR INTRODUCTION OF B. VOC. PROGRAMME AS GIVEN IN ANNEXURE-I. (B) PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF MANDATE FORM AS GIVEN IN ANNEXURE-II. (C) PROFORMA FOR UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE IS GIVEN IN ANNEXURE-III. (D) PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE INCURRED FOR INTRODUCTION OF B. VOC. COURSE IS GIVEN IN ANNEXURE-IV. (E) PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT IS GIVEN IN ANNEXURE-V. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 11 ANNEXURE-I Proposal Form for B. Voc. Programme 1. Details of the University / College: Please ensure that the details entered below match exactly with the details registered with UGC. 1. Name of the University / College: 2. Full Postal Address: 3. Name of the Affiliating University 4. Whether covered under Section 2(f) and 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 (If yes, please enclose a copy of the letter) Yes / No Whether Autonomous Yes / No 5. Whether the college is aided or  self financing? 6. Name, designation and contact details (Tel/fax/mobile/email) of Head of the Institution. 7. Website URL of the College / University 8. Any other relevant information (Maximum 100 words) College / University may like to share UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 12 2. Details of the Proposed Skills Specialisations in the B. Voc. Program ( * ) This would be mentioned within Parenthesis in the name of the Award, e. g. B. Voc. (Specialisation) Programme Name of the Specialisation (*) Job Roles proposed to be covered in each year (Along with NSQF level) Proposed intake of students (Annually) Yr-1 Yr-2. Yr-3 UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 13 3. Proposed subjects / papers in the General Education component in each of the three years. Year-1 Credits 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Year-2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Year-3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 14 4. Basis for choosing the specialisation(s): The choice of specialisation should be based on: a) Skills Gap requirements, to ensure that the program fulfils the skills requirement of industry; b) University / College has expertise in the specialisation; and c) University / College have one or more committed industry partner(s) for design, delivery, internship and placement. Provide detailed basis for the choice of each of the specialisation(s). This would be an important factor during the approval process of this proposal. 4. 1. Skill Gaps identified: Specialisation Skill Gaps Identified(Quantitative, Qualitative, Source,†¦) 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. Existing expertise of the University / College: Specialisation Existing expertise (Which can be leveraged by the institution) 1. 2. 3. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 15 4. 3. Industry Partner(s) S. No. Specialis ation Details of the Industry Partnership(s) Name of Organisation and Address Nature of Partnership / Support (*) Name, Designation  and Contact details of official 1. 2. 3. 4. (*) Curriculum design, content creation, admission, conduct of courses, provision of infrastructure (in University / College, at employer location), internship, placement, etc. 4. 3. 1. Attach MOU(s), if any, signed with the industry Partner(s): UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 16 5. Curriculum Design and Approval 5. 1. What is the proposed process and plan for curriculum design? How is the University / College ensuring that the curriculum meets the objectives of the B. Voc. Program? 5. 2. Status / Plan for curriculumapproval by the appropriate body of the University / Colleges? 6. Student placement plan: 6. 1. How would the University / College set up an effective mechanism for placement of students? UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 17 7. Faculty: 7. 1. Availability of Faculty(For year-1) Specialisation / Area Faculty Needed Available with Institution To be Recruited Guest Faculty Guest faculty to be provided by Industry Partner 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7. 2. Training needs of Faculty(For Year-1) S. No. Specialisation / Area Details of Training Needed and duration Training Provider 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 18 8. Availability of Infrastructure 8. 1. 1. Details of physical infrastructure. Name of the Specialisation Availability of physical infrastructure Infrastructure Available in the College/ University To be provided by Industry Partner 1. Classroom Laboratory Workshop Library ICT Facility Others 2. Classroom Laboratory Workshop Library ICT Facility Others 3. Classroom Laboratory Workshop Library ICT Facility Others UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 19 9. Details of Expenditure: (It is assumed that the existing infrastructure / faculty will be used as far as possible. The expenditure to be listed here is only for any incremental requirements the University / College may need. ) S. No. Components Expenditure (amounts in Rs. ) Remarks (Provide justification for expenditure) Y-1 Y-2 Y-3 Total 1. Faculty / Staff a. Contractual b. Guest c. Lab Assistant d. 2. Equipment for Labs / Workshops / Classrooms a. b. c. 3. Raw Materials etc. for Labs / Workshops a. b. c. 4. Faculty Training a. b. 5. Admission Process, Pre-admission Student Counselling etc. 6. Office Expenses / Contingencies (including expenditure on publicity, guidance and counselling, transport, field visits, postage, stationery, electricity, water etc. ) 7. Travel 8. Others a. Assessments b. Contingencies c. Workshops / conferences / seminars e. Any other expense TOTAL UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 20 10. Student / Learner Fee details: (All figures in Rupees) S. No. Programme(s) Annual Fee per student Proposed student intake per year Total Fees proposed to be collected Y1 Y2 Y3 Total Y1 Y2 Y3 Total 1. 2. Total 11. Key Milestones / Plans for Year-1 Key Plans / Milestones Person Responsible Expected Completion Date 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 12. Any other Information which the host college / university may like to provide. _________________________________________________ Signature with Seal of the Head of the Host Institution Name : Date: UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 21 ANNEXURE – II MANDATE FORM Electronic Clearing Service (Credit Clearing)/ Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) facility for receiving payments. A. Details of Accounts Holders:- 1. Name of Account Holder 2. Complete Contact Address 3. Telephone Number/Fax/E-mail B. Bank Account Details:- 1. Bank Name 2. Branch Name with Complete Address, Telephone No. and E-mail 3. Whether the Branch is computerized? 4. Whether the Branch is RTGS enabled? If yes then what is the Branch’s IFSC Code 5. Is the Branch also NEFT enabled? 6. Type of Bank Account (SB/Current /Cash Credit) 7. Complete Bank Account No. (Latest). 8. MICR Code of Bank I hereby declare that the particulars given above are correct and complete. If the transaction is delayed or not effected at all for reasons of incomplete or incorrect information I would not hold the use Institution responsible. I have read the option invitation letter and agree to discharge responsibility expected of me as a participant under the Scheme. Date: SignatureofCustomer Certified that the particulars furnished above are correct as per our records. (Bank’s Stamp) Date: SignatureofCustomer 1. Please attach a photocopy of cheque along with the verification obtained from the bank. 2. In case your Bank Branch is presently not â€Å"RTGS enabled†, then upon its up gradation to â€Å"RTGS Enabled† branch, please submit the information again in the above proforma to the Department at earliest. NOTE:- Refund of Security Deposit/ Hire Charges Due to operation of E-payment w. e. f. 01/04/2012 the Mandate form may please be submitted, duly verified by the bank, to this office for claiming Refund of Security Deposit/Hire Charges along with a photocopy of blank Cheque. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 22 ANNEXURE – III UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, NEW DELHI UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE IT IS CERTIFIED THAT THE TOTAL GRANT OF RS. ___________ (RUPEES .. ) SANCTIONED BY THE UGC VIDE LETTER NO. F. _______________________ DATED___________ HAS BEEN UTILIZED BY THE COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY AS PER DETAILS GIVEN IN THE ATTACHED STATEMENT (AS PER ANNEXURE D) IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY THE UGC VIDE ITS LETTER NO__________ DATED______________. AND THAT ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS HAVE BEEN FULFILLED BY THE COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY AND THE GRANT HAS BEEN UTILIZED FOR THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH IT WAS SANCTIONED. IT IS FURTHER CERTIFIED THAT THE INVENTORIES OF PERMANENT AND SEMI-PERMANENT ASSETS. CREATED/ACQUIRED WHOLLY OR MAINLY OUT OF THE GRANTS GIVEN BY THE UGC AS INDICATED IN THE ENCLOSED STATEMENT ARE BEING MAINTAINED IN THE PRESCRIBED FORM AND ARE BEING KEPT UP-TO-DATE AND THESE ASSETS HAVE NOT BEEN DISPOSED OFF, ENCUMBERED OR UTILIZED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE. IF AS A RESULT OF CHECK OR AUDIT OBJECTION, SOME IRREGULARITY IS NOTICED AT A LATER STAGE, THE COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY WILL REFUND THE OBJECTED AMOUNT. ___________________________________ ______________________________ SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL / REGISTRAR WITH SEAL SIGNATURE OF AUDITOR WITH SEAL NOTE: THE UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE SHOULD BE ACCOMPANIED BY AUDITED STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT INDICATING EXPENDITURE ON VARIOUS ITEMS. UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 23 ANNEXURE-IV UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION PROFORMA FOR SUBMISSION OF STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE INCURRED FOR THE OF B. VOC. PROGRAMMES (DIPLOMA/ ADVANCED DIPLOMA/DEGREE) 1. Name of the University/ College: 2. Name of the Vocational degree/Advance Diploma/Diploma Course: 3. No. Date of UGC’s approval No. F. _______________________________ Dated ___________________ 4. Period to which the accounts related : w. e. f. _____________________________ to ____________________________________________. 5. Details of actual expenditure incurred : Grants approved Grants released Unspent balance (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) NOTE 1. The statement of expenditure should be filled up separately for each vocational degree course. 2. List of equipment purchased should be submitted. 3. Details of periods taken, amount paid to leach teacher by name under guest faculty and internal faculty should be submitted. Signature Head of Institution / Principal/Registrar Govt. Auditor/CA UGC? GUIDELINES? FOR? B. Voc.? 24 ANNEXURE – V UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION, NEW DELHI ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT (to be submitted annually to the UGC by each University /College) 1. Name and Address of the institution: 2. Name of the Head of the institution: 3. Period of the Progress Report: 4. Activities Taken up During the Year: 5. Utilization of Grants during the Year: 6. Specific Outcomes: 7. Difficulties encountered in implementation, if any: CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the data/ information presented in this Annual Progress Report are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and the required documents will be provided to the UGC, as and when the same are called for. ____________________________________________ Signature with Seal of Head of the University /College Place: Date:

History of Federal Taxation in the United States

History of Federal Taxation in the United States The existing taxation policies in the U.S. have been characterized by a myriad of changes over the decades as a result of variations in the governments roles as well as the changing circumstances. The U.S. Department of Treasury asserted that the kinds of taxes imposed, their percentages as well as the size of the collections differ from what they were 100 years ago due to various historical events, including the war, the 16th Constitutional Amendment, changes in the society, economy, and the changes in the governments roles and responsibilities. During the colonial times and the post-revolutionary era, which spanned from 1791 to 1802, the U.S. had no income tax law. Therefore, to finance its roles and responsibilities, it relied on the contributions made by the states and internal taxes on whiskey and other distilled spirits, tobacco and snuff, refined sugar, carriages, properties sold at auction, slaves, and the corporate bonds (Sandbox Networks, Inc.). When President Jefferson was elected in 1802, he abolished these direct taxes, leaving the federal government, for the next decade, with only the internal revenue taxes. However, in 1812, more funds were needed to finance the war and Congress imposed extra excise taxes, issued Treasury notes, and raised certain customs duties (U.S. Department of the Treasury). In 1817, all these taxes were cancelled and for the following 44 years, the country relied on the customs duties and the public land sales for its revenues. Upon the eruption of the Civil War, Congress enacted the Revenue Act of 1861, reintroducing the former excise taxes and imposing taxes on personal earnings at a rate of 3% on all incomes above $800 a year (U.S. Department of the Treasury). However, due to some noted inadequacies, the personal income taxes became effective only in 1862. The increased cost of the war made Congress pass a new excise tax law in 1862 focusing on items like the pianos, gunpowder, feathers, playing cards, leather, iron, drugs, patent medicines, telegrams, billiard tables, whisky, legal documents, and license fees. In 1872, the income tax was abolished, but it was again revived in 1894 and 1895 before being deemed unconstitutional (Sandbox Networks, Inc.). The 16th Amendment of 1913 reintroduced the income tax and made it a permanent item in the U.S. tax system. Through this law, Congress imposed taxes on incomes of both individuals and corporations. The U.S. entry into World War I saw Congress pass in 1916 and 1918 Revenue Acts, all increasing the tax rates. In 1943, there was an introduction of the withholding taxes on wages. The need for more far-reaching reforms in the U.S. tax system led to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which lowered the individual income tax rate from 50% to 28%. Other notable changes to the U.S. tax system were made through the 1993 Revenue Reconciliation Act and the 2001 Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 under the Clinton and George Bush administrations, respectively. Taxation is an important fiscal policy item in every economy. The view of this paper in regard to the contribution of the taxation on the economic growth depends on its policy, the purpose for which it is collected and the administration. Lower tax rates for the lower-income groups have been linked with improvements in the economy, especially through the creation of jobs (Worstall). This idea of spurring the economic growth by reducing the tax rate was advocated for by President Reagan in 1986 due to the effects on the economic incentives experienced by businesses and individuals. Therefore, the government should reduce the marginal tax rates with a view to significantly expand the tax base. Also, a tax imposed to collect revenues to finance war activities may not lead to improvement in economy unlike the one used to finance various economic activities. Works Cited Sandbox Networks, Inc. History of the Income Tax in the United States. 2017, http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005921.html. Accessed 17 Jan. 2017 US Department of the Treasury. History of the US Tax System. Aug. 2003, http://www.policyalmanac.org/economic/archive/tax_history.shtml. Accessed 17 Jan. 2017 Worstall, Tim. Tax Cuts Do Increase Employment, Do Create Jobs, the Science Is In. Forbes, 22 Apr. 2015, http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/04/22/tax-cuts-do-increase-employment-do-create-jobs-the-science-is-in/#28d752437382. Accessed 17 Jan. 2017